HIMACHAL PRADESH

FAST FACTS:

 State Capital:            Shimla

Languages:                 Pahari, Hindi, English

Other cities:                Kulu, Kangra, Nurpur, Lahul-Spiti, Naggar.

Airport:                       Shimla, Kulu, Dharamsala.

Weather:                     Good weather round the year. Winters are severe (0 to 15 C ) but tourist traffic is high    for winter sports. Summer is pleasant (14 C to 33 C). Best time to visit Shimla is April to June. For Kulu Manali, it is September to November.

INTRODUCTION:

Himachal Pradesh is a captivating region of the Indian Himalayas. It is often referred to as the "Magical Showcase of Nature's Splendor" ideal for the travelers to travel, enjoy and relax. Abundant green grassland and wide valleys set against imposing snow-clad mountains; crystal clear lakes, flowing rivers and spurting streams; fruit laden groves and soft terraces of corn and tea are characteristics of Himachal Pradesh. It is the ultimate travel destination of India.

The state of Himachal Pradesh has boundaries with the Jammu and Kashmir in the North, Uttar Pradesh in the Southeast, Haryana in the South and Punjab in the West. It is located between 30"22' and 30"12' north latitude and between 75"47' and 79"4' east longitude. The mountainous state has altitudes ranging from 350 to 7000 meters (1050 ft. to 21000 ft.) above the sea level.

The mountain state of Himachal Pradesh, in the beginning, was formed as a centrally administered territory on April 15, 1948 by the consolidation of 30 hill provinces of Punjab. It became a Part C State under a Lieutenant Governor, with a Legislative Assembly of 36 members and a Cabinet of three ministers in 1951. In 1954, Bilaspur, another Part C State, was integrated with Himachal Pradesh and the strength of the Assembly was raised to 41 members. In 1956, the States Re-organization Commission recommended the unification of Himachal Pradesh with Punjab. But the people of Himachal Pradesh opposed and the proposal was overruled.Till October 1966, Himachal Pradesh comprised only of six hill districts of Mahasu, Mandi, Chamba, Sirmaur, Bilaspur and Kinnaur. In November 1966, it was expanded with the inclusion of some of the hilly towns of Punjab like Shimla, Kangra, Kullu, Lahaul, Spiti, Nalagarh tehsil of Ambala district, and areas of Hoshiarpur and Gurdaspur districts. Himachal Pradesh was formed into 10 districts and was declared a state on January 25, 1971, with Shimla as its capital. The 12 districts of Bilaspur, Chamba, Hamirpur, Kangra, Kinnaur, Kullu, Lahaul & Spiti, Mandi, Shimla, Sirmaur, Solan and Una were re-organized into the districts of the state in 1972-73.

Today, Himachal Pradesh is one of the most important travel destinations in India. The high hills of Himalayas attract the travelers from all over the world. Himachal Pradesh has plenty of hill resorts, pilgrimage centers, adventure sports destinations and wildlife that attract a wide range of tourist traffic.

ECO TOURISM

Himachal Pradesh - A State with unlimited eco-tourism options Himachal takes its name from the Himalayas. Himachal literally means 'Land of snowy mountains’. The majestic coniferous trees from an enchanting backdrop to the mountains with broad-leafed species like the Oaks, Maples, Birdcherry, Hazelnut, Walnut, Horsechestnut and Rhododendrons adding grandeur to the landscape. Whereas the ivies clinging to the trunks of stately Cedars appear to veil secrets of Nature, the vines flowing from atop the trees seem to invite the visitors with open arms. The violas popping up from under the forest floor and the riot of colors provided by the anemones, primulas, buttercups and many other herbs in the alpine meadows lay a colorful feast before eyes of the beholder.

 Besides plants the State also provides a very congenial habitat to a wide variety of Himalayan fauna. The Himalyan Tahar and the Ibex can be spotted as silhouettes on the high ridges in the trans-Himalayas. The Brown Bear and Musk Deer roam happily in the temperate forests, in the company of colorful pheasants including the Monal, the Western Hornes Tragopan, the Koklas and the Kalij. The lucky ones can even be treated to rare sight of critically endangered species like the Snow Leopard and Snow Cock. Also known as the 'Abode of Gods', the State conjures up visions of ancient temples, with exquisitely carved wooden panels, occupying almost every hilltop and the festivities associated with these religious places. Even a casual glimpse at the traditionally attired local deities being carried in meticulously decorated palanquins, devotees dancing to the rhythmic play of traditional drums and clarions, leaves a lasting imprint on one's mind.
This natural and cultural richness of the State coupled with its simple peace loving people and traditional hospitality makes the State a most favored tourist destination. Anybody with a zest for life, a spirit of adventure and a love for nature will find all that his heart desires amongst the pristine environs of Himachal Pradesh.

NATIONAL PARK AND WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES:

SIMBALBARA SANCTUARY

This sanctuary is located in Paonta Valley of Sirmour District. This area bears beautiful dense Sal forests with grassy glades. This is probably the most picturesque area of Siwaliks. There is a perennial stream in the area. Simbalbara Forest Rest House is connected by a fair weather road from Puruwala and provides a beautiful view of the valley. Goral, Sambhar and Chittal can be easily seen here. There are walking trails in the quiet adjoining forests. Winter is the best season to visit this sanctuary.

RENUKA SANCTUARY

This is a small sanctuary connected by motorable road. Renuka lake and the temples attract a large number of people from hills and plains. Forests and the catchment of the lake add to its beauty and attraction. Lion Safari and open Nature Parks with freely moving animals like Chittal, Sambhar, Kakkar, etc. are a big attraction.  Visitors come all round the year.

CHURDHAR SANCTUARY:

Churdhar peak, with height of 3647 metres is the highestpeak in outer Himalayas.It is like a Oasis of Alpine area in a ocean of temperate forests.This is an excellent area for trekking during summer and early winters. The view from Churdhar peak is un-paralled. One is sure to come across a large number of multicoloured and agile Monals in the adjoining forests. Trekking from Nohra, Sarain and Pulbahal is tough but enjoyable. There is also a Sarai and a Shiv Temple at Churdhar.

CHAIL SANCTUARY

Chail is a hill station visited by many tourists. The Deodar and Oak forests with grasslands around the township are the abode of wildlife. One can see Sambar, Goral and Cheer Pheasants at Blossom and Jhaja.Visitors are welcome to the Cheer pheasant breeding centre at both these places. Barking deer and Kalijin in the forests are sure to meet and greet the visitors at dusk and dawn. Trekking from Chail to Gaura and Chail to Jhaja is common and rewarding as one is sure to see wildlife and beautiful snowy peaks

MAJATHAL SANCTUARY

This sanctuary has a very steep and rugged terrain away from habitation. This can be visited by travelling about 10 kms. on a kacha road Kararaghat (Shimla-Bilaspur- Highway) to Kashlog and then walking on foot from Kashlog. This sanctuary has the highest concentration of Goral which can be seen in its natural habitat. This sanctuary is reported to have the maximum population of endangered Cheer pheasant. One has to stay in tents in the forest. Best season to visit is the winters.

MAHARANA PRATAP SAGAR

This lake sanctuary is a big attraction for migratory ducks from Siberian region during winter. One can see thousands of ducks in the swamp area between Shahnahar barrage and Pongdam and the surrounding shallow waters of the lake. Clean blue water all around with the panoramic view of Dhauladhar Ranges and Kangra Valley make the visit to Ransar Island an unforgettable experience. Black buck and Cheetal on the island along with Surkhab, Cranes, Pintails and variety of water birds welcome the visitors on the Island. 

MANALI SANCTUARY

This sanctuary starts about 2 km from Manali town. It forms the catchment of Manalsu khad. A bridle path from Manali log huts/ Dhungri temple passes through dense Deodar, Kail, Horse chestnut, Walnut and Maple forests. Night stay in tents at Lambadug or Gallant thatch is an unforgettable experience. Alpine lush green pastures and glaciers beyond Galant thatch are a romantic attraction for the enthusiastic but enduring visitors. One may see Musk deer, Monal and Brown bear digging or ploughing the land and also pug marks with scent of Leopard or Snow leopard. Those who venture up to snows can see herds of Ibex in the glacier zone in summers. 

KANAWAR

This sanctuary is located in Parbati valley of Kullu district. There is a Rest House at Kasol. R.O. wildlife Kasol provides information and help to visitors. Uphill walk along Garahan Nala from Kasol through dense majestic Deodar and Fir forests is enjoyable. This sanctuary has large population of Himalayan Thar in Himalayas and seeing this big goat on high mountain cliffs is dream fulfillment of any wildlife lover. 

KALATOP KHAJJIAR

This sanctuary area with its well laid out trekking jungle trails both at Kalatop and Khajjiar is a tourist paradise. Dense Deodar and Fir forests are places of solitude very close to Dalhousie town. Visitors should look for pheasants and Serow in these forests but should be beware of Black bear which can be encountered often in the area. 

DARANGHATI SANCTUARY

This sanctuary located in the upper area of Shimla District has undisturbed forest area with plenty of wildlife. Monal, Tragopan, Koklas and Kalij are the pheasants found here. The area also has Musk deer, Goral and Thar. There is a net work of bridle paths and inspection paths in the sanctuary. Visitors are advised to seek assistance from the forest staff posted at Dofda and Sarahan. The area is ideal for those who love to trek along mountain heights

NATURE PARK, KUFRI

Kufri is a well known tourist resort near Shimla. A large number of tourists visiting Shimla also visit Kufri where a nature park has been established. In this park rare varieties of Hangal, Barking Deer, Musk Deer, Brown Bear, rare species of Monal and other pheasants are kept in social groupings.

NATURE PARK, Manali

Manali is another tourist spot where a large number of visitors come. To expose visitors to the nature and to create awareness and love for wild life it is planned to develop many other facilities at Manali. There is a wild life sanctuary about 2 km away from Manali town. The tourists will be encouraged to visit this area and see the magnificence of nature here. 

 NATURE PARK, Gopalpur

Gopalpur is a village situated near Palampur on Palampur-Dharamsala upper road. Kangra valley in Himachal Pradesh is another area where visitors come regularly. In this nature park animals will be kept in large enclosures and conservation messages will be conveyed to the visitors through audio-visual aids. 

GREAT HIMALAYAN NATIONAL PARK

The National Park with an area of 620 sq. km. is located in Kullu District and has the representative area of temperate and alpine forests of Himachal. It has some the virgin coniferous forests of the State. Vast areas of alpine pastures and glaciers cap this park. This area has many important wildlife species of Western Himalayas, like Musk deer, Brown bear, Goral, Thar, Leopard, Snow leopard, Bharal, Serow, Monal, Kalij, Koklas, Cheer, Tragopan, Snow cock etc. Trekking of Rakti-Sar, origin of Sainj river and camping in alpine pastures is unforgettable. Similar is the trekking route to Tirath the origin of Tirthan river. 

PIN VALLEY NATIONAL PARK

This National Park is situated in the cold desert of Spiti Valley. In this area visitors come across large herds of Ibex and Bharal. Snow leopard is found in this park. This area can be visited only by those who have tough leg muscles and strong lungs.  The area is closed to foreign visitors.  

  LAKES:

RENUKA LAKE 
LOCATION: Renuka lake (672 m) is connected by road and lies in Sirmour district. It is 123 km. from Parwanoo, 60 k.m. from Paonta Sahib and 37 k.m. from Nahan. With a circumference of 3214m, Renukaji is the largest natural lake in Himachal. Shaped like the profile of a reclining woman, this is regarded as the embodiment of the goddess Renuka. Near the lake's feet is another lake held sacred to her son, Parshurama. Both have temples built around them and the main temple to Renuka is regarded to have been built overnight in eighteen century. The lake lies in a long valley and surrounding slopes are covered with thick woods. Boating facility is available at the lake.

REWALSAR LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 1360 m in district Mandi, 24 k.m. from Mandi town. It is square shaped with a shoreline of 735 m, this dark jewel rests on a mountain spur and is protected by a dense vegetation. The spot is held sacred by Hindus, Sikhs and Buddhists alike. Legend has it that the great teacher and 'Tatric'.Padmasambhava used his enormous power to take fight to Tibet from Rewalsar. Also known as Guru Rimpoche, it was under Padmasambhava's influence that Mahayana Buddhism took root in Tibet at Rewalsar, his spirit is said to reside in the tiny island of floating reed that drifts over the water. 

KHAJJIAR LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 1900 metres in district Chamba, 16 k.m. from Dalhousie and 25 k.m. from Chamba. Fed by tiny streams, this small lake lies at in the centre of large Khajjiar glade. The glade and the lake are held sacred to Khajjinag- after whom the place is named. Khajjiar has thick forest of the Kalatope sanctuary surrounding its soft green grass.

CHAMERA LAKE 
LOCATION: In district Chamba, this is the reservoir of the Chamera dam built over the river Ravi. Phase-I of the project generates 540 MW of electricity. Phase-II which is under way will add another 300 MW. The lake offers a variety of water sports.

  DASHIR LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 4270 metres near the Rohtang pass that connects district Kullu and Lahaul. Also known as Dashaur and Sarkund this attractive lake has a depth of 3 metres.

SERUVALSAR LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 3100 metres in district Kullu 20 k.m. from Ani in the direction of the Jalori pass. This lake has a picturesque setting amidst pine forest.

 PRASHAR LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 2730 metres in district Mandi, 40 k.m. from Mandi town. The deep blue water at this beautiful lake is held sacred to the sage Prashar. A three tiered Pagoda-like temple dedicated to the sage lies by the lake - 'rishi' Prashar is said to have meditated here. Its remarkable setting is enhanced by a frame of snow draped peaks visible from the lake's edge, the water of the river Sutlej flows due south. The lake side and the near by villages are sites of various festival held at different times of the year.

BHRIGU LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 4235 metres in district Kullu, this lies east of the Rohtang Pass and is about 6 k.m. from the village of Gulaba. The shores of this clear water lake are devoid of human habitation-yet it is visited regularly by the people of the area and is held sacred to 'rishi' Brighu. It also lies on several trek routes of the region.

MANIMAHESH LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 4080 metres in district Chamba, 32 k.m. from Bharmaur. Held sacred to Lord Shiva this lake has in the Bundhil valley at the foot of Manimahesh ranges. The peaks of Manimahesh Kailash is regarded as one of the mythical abodes of Shiva. This is the venue of annual Manimahesh yatra.

NAKO LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 3662 metres in the Pooh sub-division of district Kinnaur. The lake is surrounded by willow and poplar trees - the village seems to be half buried by the lake's borders. On the northern side, are four Buddhist temples with stucco image impressions ascribed to saint Padmasambhava

 SURAJ TAL LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 4950 metres below the summit of the Baralacha pass in the Lahaul division of district Lahaul and Spiti. The Baralacha connects Mandi and Lahaul to Ladakh and the lake which draws a considerable number of visitors - especially in summer - lies by its head. This is the source of river Bhaga.

 CHANDRA TAL LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 4300 metres and 6 k.m. from the Kunzum Pass in Lahaul & Spiti district that connects Spiti and Lahaul areas. Surrounded by snows, this deep blue-water lake has a circumference of 2.5 k.m. This is the source of the river Chandra. According to some believers, this is the spot from where the god Indra's chariot took the eldest Pandava brother, Yudhishtra to 'swarga' (heaven) in his mortal form.

GOBIND SAGAR 
LOCATION: This vast reservoir lies in the district of Bilaspur and Una.The town of Bilaspur is 83 k.m. from the railway station at Anandpur Sahib. The Gobind Sagar on river Sutlej, has been created by the huge hydel dam at Bhakra and is named in honour of Gobind Singh the Tenth Sikh guru. One of the world's highest gravity dams, the Bhakra rises 225.5 m above its lowest foundations. Under the supervision of the famous American dam-builder, Harvey Slocum, work began in 1955 and was completed in 1962. Incidentally, Slocum had no formal training as an engineer, but his conceptions and designs have proven successful. To maintain the level of water, the flow of river Beas was also channeled to Gobind Sagar by the Beas-Sutlej link which was completed in 1976. Today, this dam feeds electricity and water to a large area the Gobind Sagar reservoir is 90 k.m. long and encompasses an area of approximately 170 sq km. There are provisions for water sports speed boats and ferry rides. In October and November, when the water level of the reservoir is at its peak, a series of regattas are also organizing by the department of Tourism and Civil Aviation. Water-skiing, sailing, kayaking and water scooter racing are popular water sports activities during this period.

MAHARANA PRATAP SAGAR 
LOCATION: Maharana Pratap Sagar is at 450 metres above sea level, 32 degrees North and 76 degrees East, In district Kangra, 170 Km from Chandigarh, 110 Km from the district headquarters Dharamshala. The closest railway stations are Mukerian- 30 Km, and Pathankot. The Settlements of Nagrota Suriyan and Jawalaji located on the Sagar’s periphery are connected by the charming Narrow gauge Kangra Railway Line that connects Pathankot to Joginder Nagar. The closest airport is Gaggal- 40 Kms. The Lake is well served by a Network of roads. Named in honour of great patriot Maharana Pratap (1572-97 A.D.), Maharana Pratap Sagar was once known as Pong Dam Reservoir. Its Reservoir has an area of 45,000 hects at maximum flooding-the level varies with every season and averages around 30,000 hects. Over 200 villages with a population of 85,000 people are scattered along the wetland. In 1983, the Sagar was declared a Wild Life Sanctuary and over 220 species of birds belonging to 54 families have been sighted over the waters and these include black headed gulls, plovers, terns, ducks. The land portion of the Sanctuary has barking dear, sambar, wild boars, leopards and claw-less others. 27 Species and sub species of fish belonging to six families have been recorded in the Sagar’s water. There is a branch of Directorate of Mountaineering and Allied Sports at the Sagar and year around activities include swimming, water skiing, surfing , rowing and sailing. The Directorate of Tourism and Civil Aviation provides equipment at the Sagar – this includes sale boats, paddle boats, speed aero boats. Various courses – beginners, intermediate and advanced – are also conducted at the Sagar.

DAL LAKE 
LOCATION: At an altitude of 1775 metres in district Kangra 11 k.m. from Dharamshala, surrounded by deodar trees, this is on the motor road to Talnu. Held sacred, this has a small shiva temple on its banks. The banks of the lake are enlivened during September by a fair attended-amongst other-by a large number of Gaddi folk.  

ADVENTURE SPORTS:

 TREKKING

The main trekking areas in Himachal are the Dhauladhar and Pir Panjal ranges, routes over the passes between the Shimla region and the Kullu valley, the numerous treks out of Kullu and select tracks in the Trans-Himalayan regions of Kinnaur, Lahaul and Spiti. Most trekking areas are between 1500 metres and 6000 metres.

With well over two hundred and seventy defined trails, the variation in terrain is also enormous. Low scrub-land and paths through paddy fields, give way to trails strewn with pine needles. Then come woods of oak and flowering rhododendron, which merge into forest of Himalyan cedar - 'deodar' - and spruce. On most trails, small pastoral hamlets dot the way. Cunningly hidden between the high mountains are passes which were once known only to migrant shepherds and dare all traders. These lead to the fabulous wastes and swift rivers of the arid Trans-Himalaya. A host of combinations and variations take the trails through changing countryside. 

HELI SKIING

For high mountain thrills perhaps nothing can surpass the magic of heli-skiing. Under a deep blue sky, you are carried by a helicopter to a snow-draped peak. And after that there is nothing except steadily distancing whirr of rotor blades, the sky and the snow. It is a thrilling experience as you rapidly zoom down the slopes. The icy wind slaps your face and the swiftly slithering hiss of skies reminds you that you are racing away on your own steam.

The sport is available in the area bound by Hanuman Tibba, Rohtang Pass, Deo Tibba and Chanderkhani Pass near the resort town of Manali (Kullu). A major feature is the compactness of heli skiing area. A sortie of ten minutes can carry the skiers to the top of a 14000 feet high slope.

Kufri, near Shimla is one of the oldest places in India to be associated with skiing and the slopes are still in use during winter. Above Kufri, the Mahasu ridge also has good slopes.

Comprehensive facilities exist at Narkanda, 64 km from Shimla. There is a range of slopes, including a beginner’s run, an advanced slope and a slalom run. 

ICE SKATING

The Shimla ice-skating rink has the largest open-air area with naturally frozen ice in this part of the world. The Ice Skating Club has already celebrated its Diamond Jubilee.

Ice-skating normally begins in early December and carries on to February clear skies and low temperatures provide series of uninterrupted sessions. There are two sessions every day, in the morning and in the evening.

Fancy dress carnivals, 'gymkhanas' ice-hockey and dances enliven every season.

PARA GLIDING

Riding the warm thermal currents of the air is perhaps the closest man has ever come to sailing the skies as free as a bird. Almost at will, you dip and wheel high over the hills and valleys.

The bald peak of Billing, above the Buddhist monastery of Bir in Kangra, has been the venue for five national and three international hang-gliding rallies since 1984. The site is perfect for para-gliding too. And this sport is a mix of sky-diving and hang-gliding. A fairly recent sport that is steadily gaining popularity, para-gliding is possible at various places in the state. Places where para-gliding is done regularly are - Bundla Dhar near Bilaspur, in the Kullu valley and at Intkali in the Pabbar valley near Rohru in Shimla district

 ANGLING

An angler’s paradise, Himachal has several spots for both trout and mahaseer as well as other fish.

Acclaimed as the best sport fish in the world, both Brown and Rainbow Trout are to be found in Himachal's streams. Upstreams of Rohru in the Pabbar valley (Shimla), there are several spots ideal for fishing. Chirgaon has a trout hatchery and other sites are - Seema, Mandil, Sandsu, Tikri and Dhamvari all are within 5 to 25 km of Rohru (Shimla). Kinnaur's Baspa river in the Sangla valley also holds trout. Fish also abounds in Uhl river near Barot. Good spots on this beat are - Luhandi, Puran hatchery, Tikkar and Kamand. The upper reaches of the river Beas in the Kullu valley and its side streams like the Sarvari, Parbati, Sainj, Hurla and Tirthan, especially the areas around Aut, Patlikuhl, Katrain, Raison and Largi are excellent for the sport. These are all upstream of the Pandoh reservoir and are close to, or on the Mandi-Manali highway.

The picturesque Kangra valley has several spots that offer mahaseer river carp. The reservoir of the Maharana Pratap sagar right up to the town of Dehra has good spots. Nadaun along the river Beas has some good beats, besides Chamba Pattan near Garli (accessible from Nadaun or Jwalamukhi), Amtar (2 km from Nadaun), Harsi Pattan (30 km from Tira Sujanpur) and Lambagaon (15 km from Tira Sujanpur).

WATER & RIVER SPORTS

 The Maharana Pratap Sagar reservoir in Kangra with its 42 km length and 2 km breadth, offers a variety of activities in close collaboration with the Directorate of Mountaineering and Allied Sports. Year long activities include swimming, water-skiing, surfing, kayaking, rowing, canoeing and sailing. Three levels of courses are conducted - beginner, intermediate and advanced. Similar activities are also available on the waters of Gobind Sagar near Bilaspur, the Chamera lake near Dalhousie (Chamba) and the Pandoh lake on the Mandi-Kullu National Highway.

River-rafting or white-water rafting as it is also called is swiftly making Himachal a focus for the sport. For a torrent of adrenalin to gush through every vein and surge over every muscle you can race over the State's river rapids in an inflatable rubber dinghy. Sport is now being held on the Sutlej near Shimla on the Beas near Kullu, the Ravi near Chamba and Chandra in Lahaul.  Possibilities are also being explored on the river Spiti. This sport takes a break during winter and during the monsons.

 MOUNTAIN BIKING

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 Gear yourself for high adventure with an expedition on cycles. You can pedal your way past high passes or simply make a day-adventure. Quite literally the whole of Himachal is your playground. The tour can be coupled with camping and can be carried on for several weeks over diverse terrain. The lower regions of the State - Kangra, Una, Hamirpur and Bilaspur offer gentle routes. Or you can stretch your mind, muscle and stamina to reach out to the Trans Himalyan tract of Lahaul Spiti  and Kinnaur. Milder but no less interesting excursions can be done out at any holiday station.

VEHICLE SAFARIS

By jeep, car or on motorcycle you can explore the variety Himachal has to offer. By jeep, the Trans Himalyan tract can steadily unfold their natural and man made wonders. Along one of the world's highest highways, you can drive out of Manali, cross the Rohtang Pass (3980 m) and move through arid Lahaul, you drive through the haunting landscapes of Spiti and over the Kunzum pass (4551 m), enter Lahaul. Himachal has an extensive network of roads and treks and apart from the routes mentioned above, there are several others you can traverse on. By car, driving over the more demanding routes may not be possible, but in no way does this curtail the range of experience. And motorcycles may impose some limitations, but are again a wonderful way of sharing the wonders of Himachal.

MOUNTAINEERING & ROCK CLIMBING

Rock climbing is often seen as the basic stage for mountain climbing. It can also be treated as an independent sport, since it is basically climbing a rock face, using only hands and feet with a safety rope.

The area around Manali, presently forms the core of mountaineering in Himachal. The Beas Kund region and lower reaches of the Hanuman Tibba (5930 m), the Manali and Shitidhar peaks around the source of river Beas and Deo Tibba (6001 m) (Kullu) area are suggested for beginners with some experience. The Chandra Bhaga ranges, the Pir Panjal and Dhalaudhar ranges are existing. The State also has several other areas where Institute of Mountaineering and Allied Sports, Manali and its branch at Dharamsala (Kangra) offer this activity. Courses are also available with the institute. 

OTHER ACTIVITIES

Himachal also hosts a Winter Festival and Snow Carnival. Tobogganing is possible in winter. Various water sports competitions are also hosted. Especially during the monsoons at Naldera, several golf tournaments are held. Angling and para-gliding competitions are also hosted in the state.

CAMPING

Camping is perhaps the best way of enjoying the wonders of nature given to Himachal and sharing the warmth of its people. You can carry your own gear along or opt for any one of the several camps that are pitched in various parts of the State. These camps offer accomodation, catering and variety of activities like hiking, fishing, nature-tours and rafting. Most of these offer quality facilities and services.

Himachal Tourism has camps at Sarchu in Lahaul Spiti besides built accomodation, and tents are available at Sangla and Kalpa in Kinnaur and Kaza in Spiti part of Lahaul & Spiti district.

The Youth Hostel association of India, runs camps at Dalhousie (Chamba) and at Kullu & Manali. Camps run by the private sector are at Barog in Solan district, Baspa (Sangla) valley and Kalpa in Kinnaur, at Tabo in Spiti, at Al Hilal (Taragarh) and Dharamsala in Kangra, at Shoja near Kullu and Mashobra and Baldian near Shimla. Adventure camps are likely to be available soon in the Pabbar valley in the Jubbal - Hatkoti - Rohru area in Shimla district.

HOT SPRINGS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Nature has blessed Himachal Pradesh with a number of Hot Springs. Hot Springs in Himachal Pradesh have become very popular because of their medicinal properties. Most of these springs are located in the Beas and Sutlej valleys. Generally found in Himachal Pradesh are three types of Hot Springs - Simple Springs, Mineral Springs and Thermal Springs. Simple Springs are just like any ordinary springs coming out from an underground source to surface. Mineral Springs contain water with some mineral dissolved in it. Thermal Springs are very hot. The famous Hot Springs in Himachal Pradesh are as follows :-

Hot Springs at Manikaran (District Kullu):- Manikaran is 45 km. from Kullu. Manikaran lies in the Parvati valley of Kullu district. The spring is situated near the bank of Parbati river. These are confined to several groups of hot water springs emerging at various locations spreading upto a distance of about 1.3 kms along the river from the old bridge to Brahmaganga. The springs at Manikaran come out to surface with pressure and are very hot. There is no sulphur or iron mixed in the waters, but it is said to be radio active. The water of these springs is so much hot that pulses (dal), rice, vegetables etc. can be boiled and cooked in it. There is a Gurudwara here serving visitors and provides night stay. In the Gurudwara, the dal, rice and vegetables are boiled in the hot water and served to the visitors after cooking them fine and surprisingly the meal is tasty. Vegetables etc. are cooked in a pan resting on the hot water. Usually the meal is cooked fine in 20 minutes. Even 'chapatis' are cooked by immersion. The heat near the boiling place, where the meal is cooked, is so high that inhabitual persons can not even stand and tolerate the heat for some minutes.

The healing properties of the Manikaran Springs are well known all over the country. Pilgrims from far come here and for the cure of their ailments. Rheumatism and muscular pains are said to cured very fast by taking bath in this water. According to a legend, Manikaran is associated with Lord Shiva and his consort Parvati. Mani Karan means Ear Rings - it is said that once, while taking bath here, Maa Parvati lost her ear rings in the Kund (pond). When she told it to Lord Shiva, he became furious and looked at the water of the kund with great anger and then thousands of ear rings flowed out from the boiling water and since then the water of the spring is boiling. The rocks surroundings the springs are also very hot.

Hot Springs at Vashisht (District Kullu):- Vashisht is 6 km. from Manali ( in district Kullu ). It is located well above the river Beas. The hot water springs emerge through granites gneisses which, in this part of the Himalaya, cover a very large area. Vashisht hot water springs have made this low profile village famous around the world. The village is 3 km. from Manali on the left bank of the river Beas, at the foot of a laterite and conglomerate rock hill covered with majestic Deodar and pines. The water kunds (ponds) are in the centre of the village. The temperature of the water varies from 110°F to 123°F. Almost 3,000 people take a dip in the tanks each day. There is also a tank reserved for females. Himachal Pradesh Tourism Development Corporation has also built 'Turkish type baths' about 500 meters below Vashisht village to tap the springs curative potential. The hot water is brought through pipe and stored in a huge water tank from where the water is channeled through pipes to the bathrooms of the HPTDC.

Hot Springs at Tattapani (District Mandi):- Tattapani is 51 km. from Shimla and 29 km. from Naldera. It is a famous tourist resort. It is located in district Mandi. It is located on the right bank of river Satluj at an altitude of 656 meters. This natural sulphur spring is pure and has curative power for various kings of bodily ailments. The water level of the spring keeps changing with the fluctuation in the water level of the river. Tatta-pani means hot

 Hot Springs at Kasol (District Kullu):- It is 32 km. from Bhuntar (Kullu air port site). It can be approached by footpath and is about 1 km. further up stream Manikaran, opposite Nikhthan village. Hot water emerges only at one location at Kasol. The temperature of the water here is much lower than that of ManiKaran.water. Another Hot Spring site is Khirganga. It is 26 km. from Kullu and 10 km. from Pulga. It is also famous for hot water springs. Here, the temperature of the water is much lower than that of ManiKaran.

 GLACIERS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Himalayas have nearly 15,000 glaciers and it is one of the largest continental areas under ice. It is estimated that about 34,000 sq. km., about 18 % of the Himalayas is always covered with ice. An average Himalayan glacier has the capacity of nearly an 11th of a cubic km. But to form a large dam, even a medium glacier can provide enough water. And large glaciers like Gangotri can even fill dams like Bhakhra dam the three times.

 But there is not much known about the Himalayan glaciers. There is a very little information about the exact volume of water that is received by the Indian rivers in the form of rain, underground water, snow and water from the melting of glaciers. Generally glaciers start melting in the monsoon season. So this system provides water to those areas or rivers where monsoon is weak, thus maintain the balance very well. This system also provides many rivers a tremendous boost in water level in monsoon season and causes floods. Glaciers are called 'Shigri' in local language. Some of the important glaciers are as under.

 Bara Shigri :- Bada Shigri is the largest glacier in Himachal Pradesh. It is located in the Chandra valley of Lahaul and it feeds the river Chenab. Bada Shigri glacier is more than 25 km. long and about 3 km. wide. It lies on the middle slopes of the main Himalayan range. It is also aided by many small tributary glaciers. It is surrounded by high mountains from three sides. It is said that this glacier formed Chandertal lake by causing a major havoc in Chadra valley in 1936. Bada Shigri glacier was conquered by all women mountaineers in 1956. It was further successfully trekked by Stephenson in 1956. There are number of prominent glaciers in Chandra valley in Lahaul. Some of them are Chhota Shigri ( means Small Glacier ), Kulti, Shpting, Pacha, Ding Karmo, Tapn, Gyephang, Bolunag, Shili and Shamundri. Gyephang is the chief deity of Lahaul valley and the Gyephang glacier is named after him. It is full of snow all the year. It is considered as the Manimahesh of Lahaul.

Chandra Nahan Glacier :- It is located on the South-Eastern slopes of the main Himalaya in the area to the North-West of Rohru in Himachal Pradesh. Chandra Nahan Glacier is also aided by various small tributary glaciers. The famous Chandra Nahan lake lies in it and it feeds the river Pabbar. Chandra Nahan lake is accessible only to experienced trekkers and fed by a series of springs. Chandra Nahan glacier is surrounded by high rising peaks. The elevation of Chandra Nahan glacier is more than 6,000 meters.

Bhadal Glacier: - Bhadal glacier is located on the South-Western slopes of the Pir Panjal range in the Bara Banghal area of Kangra district. It feeds the river Bhadal. Bhadal river rises from the snowy range of the area lying between the Pir Panjal and Dhauladhar ranges. Bhadal river's catchment is made up of U shaped valleys, waterfalls, moraines, cirques and towering peaks. This river is one of the main tributaries of the river Ravi. The size of Bhadal glacier suddenly grows up because of rapid and heavy snowfall.

Bhaga Glacier:- It is located on the slopes of the main Himalayan range in Lahaul area. This glacier feeds the river Bhaga. U shaped valleys, waterfalls, glaciers and moraines characterizes the upper catchments of the Bhaga river. The entire tract is devoid of a vegetative cover. The discharge of this river increases during the summer months, when the snow on the high mountains start melting. Bhaga Glacier is surrounded by high snow-clad peaks from all sides. Bhaga glacier is 25 km. long. The other important glaciers of Bhaga valley are Lady of Keylong, Mukkila, Milang and Gangstang.

The Lady of Keylong: - The Lady of Keylong glacier is very popular among visitors. The name 'Lady of Keylong' was given by 'Lady Elashainghday' about a century ago during British ruling. The glacier is situated at an altitude of about 6,061 meters and it can be seen clearly from Keylong. It remains covered with snow throughout the year. But in the middle, there is seen a dark bare patch that looks like the figure of a womam, walking with a load on her back. It is also recorded as 'Lady of Keylong' by the geological survey team of India.

Other Glaciers

FAMOUS PEAKS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH: 

 FAMOUS PASSES AND JOTS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

VALLEYS IN HIMACHAL PRADESH

Chamba Valley: - Also known as Ravi valley is quite unexposed. But now the means of communication have made inroads into the interior parts of this valley. The scenery is charming and varied character presenting many delightful sights. In the lower parts, the trees grown are wild olive, pomegranate and fig trees mingling with the acacia, Shisham, Pipal and some other trees. Visitors get a good picture of small villages and hamlets extending over the landscape. On the mountain slopes, the fields are usually small in size and are arranged in terraces, the lower border of each being formed by a rough wall to make the ground more level for ploughing. In most part of the Chamba valley, under 2,550 meters, only two crops are reaped per year.

There are rich fields in the lower level, with maize, wheat, barley and other cereals high up. Northern mountain slopes are covered with forests, while Southern are often quite bare. The Chamba valley is famous for medical herbs and varieties of flowers. This valley is fairly populated. The people here are very handsome, hardworking and honest. The important towns located in this valley are Chamba, Bharmaur, Dalhousie and Khajjiar. Adjoining to the Chamba valley is the Pangi valley, extending along the Chenab river as it cuts through the Pir Panjal range and off-shoots of the main Himalayan ranges. This is one of the remotest and most beautiful tracts of the Western Himalayas.

Kangra Valley: - Kangra is one of the most picturesque low altitude valleys in the Himalayas. This is an extensive dun-type valley located between the Dhauladhar range in the North and the Shivalik hills in the South. It ranges from West to East rising gradually from Shahpur to Baijnath and Palampur. People of this valley are beautiful. Here in the Kangra valley, coupled with the beauty of the landscape is the beauty of humanity. The surface is covered with the richest cultivation, irrigated by the lovely streams which descend from perennial snows. Turning from this scene of peaceful beauty, the stern and majestic hills confronts us. In the mysterious forests of Dhauladhar wander the lovely Gaddi maidens, unconscious of their beauty, living a life of pastoral simplicity.

In this valley, we do find the Kangra paintings known for their ageless beauty, in which human love has been represented in line and colour with great delicacy and which continue to throb with passion even after the passing of two centuries. The Kangra valley has also been found important from historical point of view, with the discovery of Paleolithic hand tools in the area. The Kangra valley is full of of places of tourist interest, old forts, ancient temples, picturesque villages and side valleys. The important towns of this valley are Baijnath, Palampur, Kangra and world famous Dharamshala.

HILL STATIONS OF HIMACHAL PRADESH

When Bhupinder Singh, Maharaja of Patiala, was expelled from Shimla - the `summer capital' of the British in India - he decided to create his own capital for the hot months. The little village of Chail was perfect. It lay surrounded by magnificent deodar forests, Shimla was in direct vision and most important, the hill of Chail at 2226 m was somewhat higher than British-controlled Shimla. Today the Maharaja's creation can be experienced by everyone. Whether you are on a honeymoon or in search of seclusion or wish to organize a conference and demand all facilities, Chail has it all .Then, there is good sight seeing and the possibility of some fishing and trekking. Chail also has the world's highest cricket pitch and polo ground

Chamba town (915 m) stands on the right bank of the river Ravi. As a former princely state, it is one of the oldest in the country and dates back to the sixth century. It is well known for its splendid architecture and as the base for numerous excursions. It is also a district headquarters

In western Himachal Pradesh, the hill station of Dalhousie is full of 'Old world' charm and holds lingering echoes of the 'Raj'. It covers an area of about 14 sq. km and is built on five hills - Kathlog, Potreyn, Tehra, Bakrota and Balun.

It is named after the British Governor - General of the l9th century, Lord Dalhousie. The town's height varies between 1,525 m and 2,378m, and it is surrounded by varied vegetation - pines, dodders, oaks and flowering rhododendron. Dalhousie has charming colonial architecture, including some beautiful churches. Its location presents panoramic views of the plains - and like a long silverline, the river Ravi twists and turns below Dalhousie. The spectacular snow-covered Dhauladhar mountains are also visible from this enchanting town.

The high snow clad Dhauladhar ranges of the Himalayas form a magnificent backdrop to the hill resort of Dharamshala. This is the principal township of Kangra and overlooks the wide spread of the plains. With dense pine and deodar forests, numerous streams, cool healthy air, attractive surroundings and the nearby snowline, Dharamshala has everything for a perfect holiday. It is full of life and yet peaceful. And not surprisingly, the headquarters of His Holiness the Dalai Lama is here. Covering a wide area in the form of a twin settlement, Lower Dharamshala (1380 m) is a busy commercial center, while Upper Dharamshala (1830 m) with the suburbs of McLeodganj and Forsythganj, retains a British flavour and colonial lifestyle. The charming church of St. John in the wilderness is situated here and this is final resting place of Lord Elgin, a British Viceroy of lndia during the l9th century. There is also a large Tibetan community who have made this their home. Numerous ancient temples like Jawalamukhi, Brijeshwari and Chamunda lie on the plains below Dharamshala. This small hill-station seems to live in a time warp that belongs to the l9th century. The narrow roads of Kasauli (1927 m) slither up and down the hillside and offer some magnificent vistas. Directly below is the spread of the vast plains of Punjab and Haryana which as darkness falls, unroll a gorgeous carpet of twinkling lights. At 3647 m, the peak of Choor Chandni (also called the Choordhar) powerfully dominates the lower hills and across the undulating ranges, Shimla is visible. The Upper and Lower Malls run through Kasauli's length. A mixed forest of pine, oak and huge horse-chestnut encircles the town. Its colonial ambience is reinforced by a stretch of cobbled road, quaint shops, gabled houses with charming facades and scores of neat little gardens and orchards. Kullu (1220m) was once known as "Kulanthpitha" ; ' The end of  the habitable world'. Beyond rose the forbidding heights of the Greater Himalayas, and by the banks of the shining river Beas, lay the fabled 'Silver Valley'. Kullu got its first motorable access only after Independence. The long centuries of seclusion has however allowed the area to retain a considerable measure of its traditional charm. Here is the core of an intricate web of numerous valleys - each of which is a visual delight and seems more beautiful than the other. The 'Silver Valley' has nature's treasures that lie carelessly scattered as flowers on the high meadows. There is pleasure in every step you take in these enchanted valleys and in every gurgle you hear in the clear mountain streams. One day, Vaivasvata, the seventh incarnation of Manu found a tiny fish in his bathing water. The fish told him to look after it with devotion for one day it would do him a great service. Vaivasvata cared for the fish till the day it grew so huge that he released it into the sea before departing, the fish warned Manu of an Impending deluge when the entire world would be submerged and bade him to build a sea-worthy ark. When the flood came. Vaivasvata and the Seven Sages were towed to safety by Matsya the fish-which is regarded as the first avatara of Lord Vishnu. As the waters subsided the seventh Manu's ark came to rest on a hillside and the place was named Manali (2050 m) after him. As the earth slowly dried. Here arose a place of breath taking natural beauty - which was only appropriate, for it was at Manali that life began again. And today this legendary cradle of all human kind is a prime holiday destination. There are high mountains surrounded by silent snows and deep boulder strewn gorges. There are thick forest full of cool breezes and bird song. There are fields of wild flowers, smell picturesque hamlets and fruit laden orchards. The Kangra valley of which Palampur (1249 m) is a major station was the 'Trigarta' of old. It was one of the leading hill states and was once a part of the kingdom of Jalandhara. In local Parlance, the word for lots of water is 'pulum'. This is what has given Palampur its name and it is water that has given the valley so much of its character. Countless streams and brooks criss-crosses the landscape and in their intricate mesh, hold tea gardens and rice paddies. The town came into being when the tea bush was introduced in the 19th century and Palampur became a focus, for the planters. Kangra tea, with its center at Palampur, has been internationally acclaimed since then to further bless the area with remarkable natural beauty, the Dhauladhar ranges rise dramatically from the earth, just beyond Palampur. The town itself has some interesting colonial architecture and the area around is richly garnished with historical temples and forts and scores of picturesque hamlets

Surrounded by the Sal forest and on the bank of river Yamuna the historic town of Paonta Sahib (398m) was founded by the tenth Sikh Guru Govind Singh Ji. When only sixteen years old, the guru left Anandpur Sahib and on the invitation of Raja Maidini Prakash of Sirmour, lived at this beautiful place for over four years. The historic gurudwara commemorates his stay and interestingly the waters of the Yamuna fall   silently below this -which happened at the Guru's behest. The word 'Paonta' means 'Space for a foot hold The British empire may have ceased to exist, but its echoes linger on in Shimla (2130m). As the 'summer capital' of the British in India. This was the country's focus for the better part of every year and now, it is the state capital of Himachal Pradesh. Today, its well developed facilities, easy accessibility and numerous attractions make it one of India's most popular hill resorts. Placed in the tower ranges of the Himalaya mountains, it is surrounded by pine deodar, oak and rhododendron forests. Towards the north lie the snow covered high-ranges, while the valleys broad whispering streams and swaying fields. Within the town are a host of splendid colonial edifices, and quaint cottages  

Shimla, the capital of Himachal Pradesh, is also called the "Queen of the Hill Stations". It was named after its patron Goddesses Shyamla Devi, an incarnation of the Goddesses Kali. It was a small village made popular by the British who established Shimla as there summer capital in 1864 AD. The entire city is spread over a 12 km long ridge commanding the view of terraced hillsides and cultivations. Shimla has the thick growth of forests of oak, pine, fur and rhododendron. There are variety of adventure sports like skiing, trekking, angling and golf for the tourists for their leisure activities.

Manali is a small hill town in the valley of Kullu. It is referred to as the "Cradle between the Lesser Himalaya". Manali is one of the most beautiful and popular hill station known for lush and fresh scenic beauty. It is also a gateway to Lahaul and Spiti.

Dalhousie is at a distance of 80 km from Pathankot. It is nestled in the outer inclines of Dhaulandhar range. The hill station is well known for its pleasant climate and beautiful scenery. It is spread over five hills and is different from other hill stations. The thick growth of deodars, pine and red and pink rhododendrons can be seen all around the hill station. Dalhousie is a gateway to the Chamba valley.

Kufri is a small hill station near Shimla. It is an important tourist place because of its closeness with Shimla. The place is known for trekking and hiking trails. There are nature parks and picnic spots at Kufri. In winters, one can indulge in the winter sports like skiing and tobogganing

Chail is a very small hamlet and a hill station where you can discover nature at its best untouched by the pollution, deforestation and modern construction. It is an ideal getaway for fresh and tranquil environment in the lap of the nature.