KERALA

FAST FACTS: Location:      Southwestern tip of India Area:38, 863 sq km Population:  3, 18, 38,619  Capital:         Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum) Language:   Malayalam;English is widely spoken Religion:       Hinduism, Christianity, Islam

INTRODUCTION:

With the Arabian Sea in the west, the Western Ghats towering 500-2700 m in the east and networked by forty four rivers, Kerala enjoys unique geographical features that have made it one of the most sought after tourist destinations in Asia. An equable climate. A long shoreline with serene beaches. Tranquil stretches of emerald backwaters. Lush hill stations and exotic wildlife. Waterfalls. Sprawling plantations and paddy fields. Ayurvedic health holidays. Enchanting art forms. Magical festivals. Historic and cultural monuments. An exotic cuisine... All of which offer you a unique experience. And what's more, every one of these charming destinations is only a two hour drive from the other. A singular advantage no other destination offer

THE IMPORTANT TOURIST SPOTS:

Kovalam Beach - The Kovalam beach situated 16 Km. south of Trivandrum city, is one of the best beaches in India. It's a must see destination of India. On account of its natural location, it affords facilities for safe sea bath. 

Chowra Beach - The soft white sand is what that draws visitors to this beach and it is ideal for beach volleyball.  The long stretch of beach is dotted by many catamarans; a country fishing boat, which is three logs tied together in the shape of a boat.

Alleppey ( alappuzha ) - Alappuzha is famous for its boat races, houseboats, coir products, fish and lakes.  Alappuzha remains prominent on the tourist trial of Kerala  as one of the major centers for backwater boat trips.

Kumarakom - The village of Kumarakom is a cluster of little islands on the Vembanad Lake, and this small water world is part of the Kuttanad region. The bird sanctuary here, which is spread across 14 acres, is a favorite haunt of migratory birds and an ornithologist's paradise.

Thekkady ( Periyar ) - The pride of Kerela and a testimony to nature's splendor and human innovation, the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary is situated on the banks of the Periyar lake - an artificial lake, at Thekkady.   Here the high ranges of the Western Ghats are clothed in dense evergreen, moist deciduous forests and savannah grass lands.   Below this thick green canopy roam herds of elephants, sambars, tigers, gaurs, lion tailed macaques and Nilgiri langurs.

Kochi ( Cochin ) - The eventful history of this city began when a major flood in AD 1341 threw open the estuary at Kochi, till then a land locked region, turning it into one of the finest natural harbours in the world.  Kochi thus became a haven for seafaring visitors from all over the world and became the first European township in India when the Portuguese settled here in the 15th century. 

Chinese Fishing Nets

The Dutch wrested Fort Kochi from the Portuguese in AD 1663 and later in the last phase of the colonial saga, the British took over, the town in 1795. During 1660's, Fort Kochi peaked in stature as a prime commercial centre and its fame spread far and wide - variously as a rich trade centre, a major military base, a vibrant cultural hub, a great ship building centre, a centre for Christianity and so on. Today, centuries later, the city is home to nearly thirteen communities.   

A few interesting sites included in the tour are the Chinese fishing nets along the Vasco Da Gama Square, Santa Cruz Basilica, St.Francis Church, VOC Gate, Bastion Bungalow etc.   Apart from these architectural splendors, an array of restaurants serving fresh seafood are also popular among tourists.  The Chinese fishing nets erected on teak wood and bamboo poles work on the principle of balance.  Records say they were first set up here between AD 1350 and 1450. Vasco Da Gama Square, the narrow promenade that parallels the beach, is the best place to watch the nets being lowered and pulled out of the sea.

The Santa Cruz Basilica, a church built originally by the Portuguese and elevated to a Cathedral by Pope Paul 1V in 1558, was spared by the Dutch conquerors who destroyed many Catholic buildings.   Later the British demolished the structure and Bishop Dom Gomez Vereira commissioned a new building in 1887.  Consecrated in 1905, Santa Cruz was proclaimed a Basilica by the Pope John Paul II in 1984.

Jewish Synagogue

Fort Kochi is also home  to one of India's oldest churches - the St.Francis Church. This was a Roman Catholic Church during the Portuguese rule from 1503 to 1663, then a Dutch Reformist Church from 1664 to 1804, and Anglican Church from 1804 to 1947. Today it is governed by the Church of South India (CSI).   Another important fact about the church is that Vasco Da Gama, who died in 1524, was buried here before his mortal remains were returned to Portugal 14 years later... Each and every structure, street, door, window and brick in Fort Kochi has several stories to tell.

Fort Kochi is accessible by bus or ferry. The bus ride from Ernakulam town, which is nearly 13 km away, takes about an hour and the ferry ride from Main boat jetty at Ernakulam about 20 minutes.  

Tourist Spots within Kochi are as under:

Bolgatty Palace: This Dutch palace is situated on the Bolghatty Island. At present it is being used as hotel. The island has a fine golf course and the panoramic view makes it an attractive picnic spot. Frequent boat service is available from the mainland

Chinese Fishing nets: The Chinese fishing nets found here are the only ones of its kind in India. It is believed that traders from the court of the Chinese ruler Kublai Khan introduced these nets here.  Erected here between 1350 and 1450 AD by traders from the court of Kublai Khan, these nets are set up on Teak wood and bamboo poles.  The best place to watch the nets being lowered into the sea and catch being brought in is the Vasco da Gama Square, a narrow promenade that runs along the beach.  The Square is ideal place to idle, with stalls serving fresh delicious sea food, tender coconut etc

Dutch Palace: The Dutch Palace was originally built by the Portugese. Later, in 17th century, the Dutch modified it and presented to the Raja of Kochi. Coronation of many Rajas of Kochi were held here. The place has a fine collection of mural paintings depicting the scenes from the Hindu epics Mahabharatha and Ramayana. 

Pierce Leslie Bungalow: This charming mansion was the office of Pierce Leslie & Co., coffee merchants, founded in 1862.  A representative of the Fort Kochi colonial bungalow, this building reflects Portuguese, Dutch and local influences.  Characteristic features are wood panels that form the roof of the ground floor, arched doors and sprawling rooms.  Waterfront verandahs are an added attraction.

Santa Cruz Basilica: This historic church was built by the Portuguese and elevated to a Cathedral by Pope Paul IV in 1558.  in 1795 it fell into the hands of the British when they took over Kochi, and was demolished.  About a hundred years later Bishop Dom Gomez Ferreira commissioned a new building at the same site in 1887.  The Church was proclaimed a Basilica in 1984 by Pope John Paul II.

Hill Palace: Built in the 19th century by Raja of Kochi, the Kochi province was ruled from here. The palace has been converted into a museum displaying a fine collection of articles used by the Rajas of Kochi apart from many archaeological findings.

Jew Town: The area around the Synagogue is a centre of spice trade and curio shops.

Museum of Kerala History: The museum has on display life size statues of many famous personalities and several paintings depicting Kerala History.

Cherai Beach: This lovely beach bordering Vypeen Island is ideal for swimming.  Dolphins are occasionally seen here.

Pallipuram Fort: It is the oldest European fort built in India.

Parikshit Thampuran Museum: The museum is situated near the famous Siva Temple, Ernakulam. It houses a treasure of archaeological findings and relics including old coins, sculptures, oil paintings and murals.

St Francis Church: It is the oldest church built by European in India.On his 3rd visit to Kerala, Vasco da Gama, the Portugese trader who reached India from Europe by sea, fell ill and died in Kochi. He was buried in the St. Francis Church. Later his remains were taken back to Portugal. In spite of that the exact place where he was buried has been marked out inside the church

Cherai beach

Munnar Hills - one of the most popular hill stations in India is situated at the confluence of three mountain streams - Mudrapuzha, Nallathanni and Kundala.  Located at 1600 m above sea level, this was once the summer resort of the erstwhile British Government in South India. Sprawling tea plantations, picture book towns, winding lanes, trekking and holiday facilities make Munnar a unique experience.  Munnar also has the highest peak in South India - Anamudi , which towers over 2695 m.  Anamudi is an ideal spot for trekking.

Wayanad - Wayanad lies at an altitude varying from 700 - 2100 metres above the sea level. The district has the highest number of tribal settlements in Kerala. The sanctuary is very rich in flora and fauna. With its green highlands, lush valleys and cool clime, Wayanad is one of the most beautiful retreats of Kerala.  Apart from its breathtaking natural beauty, Wayanad is also famous for the discovery of pictorial writings of the New Stone Age at its Edakkal Caves. The caves in the Ambukuthi hills, 12 km south of Sultan Bathery, are world-famous as one of the earliest centres of human habitation

Trivandrum ( Thiruvananthapuram ) -  The Capital city of Kerala.  The wooded highlands on the Western Ghats in the eastern and northeastern borders give Thiruvananthapuram some of the most enchanting picnic spots. A long shoreline, with internationally renowned beaches, historic monuments, backwater stretches and a rich cultural heritage make it a much sought after tourist destination. 

Cherai Beach - This lovely beach near Kochi, bordering Vypeen Island which is a major centre for commerce, is ideal for swimming. Dolphins are occasionally seen here. A typical Kerala village with paddy fields and coconut groves nearby is an added attraction of this beach

Thenmala - India’s first planned ecotourism destination
By G. Gopakumar

Thenmala is a sleepy village at the foothills of Western Ghats, about 72 km from Thiruvananthapuram, the capital of Kerala State. This village, which is predominantly a forest area, is home to India’s first planned eco tourism destination-Thenmala.

In local parlance ‘Then’ means honey and ‘Mala’ means hillock and hence Thenmala mean Honey Hills. Spread over acres of forestland and situated at 500m above sea level, Thenmala hills are the natural habitat of diverse flora and fauna. It has about 1500 flowering plants, more than 40 mammal species and nearly 200 species of birds.

The nearby Shenduruney, which was declared as Wildlife Sanctuary in 1982 is the most important Ecotourism resource. The construction of the Parappar Dam at the confluence of the Shenduruney Kazhuthurutty, and Kulathupuzha rivers resulted in the creation of an artificial lake of about 26 sq. km, which forms the heart of the sanctuary.

Thenmala offers a wide range of activities for the nature enthusiasts, including trekking, mountain biking, rock climbing and bird watching. Construction has been kept to a minimum and permanent structures are restricted to degraded forestland. Only temporary stays and visits are permitted inside the project.

The Thenmala Project envisages three components: eco friendly general tourism, eco tourism and pilgrimage tourism. Eco friendly general tourism is spread over three zones – namely culture zone, leisure zone and adventure zone. This is intended to introduce the concept of eco tourism to the general tourists and create awareness among them. The amphitheatre and musical dancing fountain are the main attractions at the culture zone. The restaurant and shop court give the tourists an opportunity to have a first hand experience of Kerala cuisine, handicrafts and natural wealth.

The leisure zone caters to the requirements of those who want to explore the intrinsic qualities of the zone. The boardwalk and the sway bridge provide excellent viewing points. The plazas, the view deck and the courts expose the tourists to a different vocabulary of landscape. The sculpture garden is another attraction here.

The elevated walkway is the main attraction of the adventure zone. This wooden bridge over the treetops and through the canopy allows the visitor to have a feel of the wilderness and a bird’s eye view of the forestland. He can explore the flora and fauna of the region from this walk way. This trail has unique resting points in the form of machans constructed over treetops.

Adventure enthusiasts can try mountain biking, rock climbing and river crossing. Professionals from National Adventure Foundation are there to help those who are uninitiated in these activities.

The ecotourism segment has soft trekking and night camps for one to three days – conducted by National Adventure Foundation. Guided trekking tours and bird watching tours are also available. A day at the Palaruvi waterfalls is another ‘pure’ ecotourism experience.

The visitors can go for boating at the Shenduruney wildlife sanctuary reservoir. Transportation to the boat landing, inside the sanctuary is done on battery powered road vehicles. There is also a Deer Rehabilitation Center, which gives protection to deer that are strayed out from forests. Besides the inhabitants (which include spotted deer, sambar deer and barking deer) DRC has tree top huts for family day spending, children’s eco-park and short riverside trekking. 

An eco-pilgrimage circuit connecting three Ayyappa temples at Kulathuppuzha, Aryankavu and Achankoil is possible from Thenmala. It is also the nerve center of ten ecotourism destinations scattered across the hill ranges of Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam and Pathanamthitta districts.

The Project aims at helping man understand and appreciate the environment without disturbing the delicate balance of the eco system and bring about a harmonious existence with nature This is the result of the search for sustainable forms of tourism

BACKWATERS OF KERALA

The backwaters in Kerala are a world of serenity and wonderment. The coastal regions of Kerala have a network of waterways, inlets from the sea, and estuaries of over forty rivers, lakes and natural canals connecting coastal towns. This interlinked body of waterways is known as the backwaters in Kerala. Over 900 Km of the Kerala backwaters are navigable and have been used for centuries by the local people for transportation. You can travel on these waterways on a traditional houseboat and enjoy the scenic beauty of the backwaters in Kerala, while on Kerala tours with Kerala Backwater.

The backwaters of Kerala have a unique ecosystem - freshwater from the rivers meets the seawater from the Arabian Sea in the backwaters in Kerala. Many unique species of aquatic life including crabs, frogs and mudskippers, water birds such as terns, kingfishers, darters and cormorants, and animals such as otters and turtles live in and alongside the backwaters in Kerala. Palm trees, pandanus shrubs, various leafy plants and bushes grow alongside the Kerala backwaters, providing a green hue to the surrounding landscape. You can see the amazing flora and fauna of the backwaters in Kerala, while on Kerala tours with Kerala Backwater.

The fisher folk and people who live along the backwaters in Kerala have a unique relationship with the Kerala backwaters. The backwaters in Kerala are the source of the local people's livelihood. The fish caught from its waters, the paddy, coconut and other crops harvested along its banks, the boats they build and use to transport them across the labyrinthine backwaters in Kerala, are all an integral part of their traditional way of life. You can see the traditional lifestyle of the backwaters in Kerala on tours to Kerala with Kerala Backwater

The backwaters of Kerela is a unique product of Kerala and is found nowhere else in the world.  Backwaters are a network of lakes, canals and estuaries and deltas of forty-four rivers that drain into the Arabian sea.  The backwaters of Kerela are a self supporting eco-system teeming with aquatic life.  The canals connect the villages together and are still used for local transport.  Over 900 km of this labyrinthine water world is navigable.

A backwater stretch of Kerela during sunset

The largest backwater stretch in Kerela is the Vembanad Lake which flows through three districts and opens out into the sea at the Kochi Port.  The Astamudi lake, literally having eight arms, which covers a major portion of Kollam district in the south, is the second largest and is considered the gateway to the backwaters.

Snake boats on the  backwater of Kerela

The most exciting thing on the backwaters of Kerela, however, is the kettuvallom (traditional houseboat) which has become the most popular tourism product in India today.  In a land as waterbound as Kerala it wouldn't be an unusual sight, but for a visitor to God's Own Country a houseboat gliding along the vast green expanse of the backwaters is the most amazing spectacle in the world.  Even more enchanting is a holiday in the houseboats of Kerela.

A transport Boat on the backwaters of Kerela 

BACKWATER CRUISES

Travel on Backwater Cruises in Kerala with Kerala Backwater and experience a delightful journey to a land where earth, sea and sky come together in harmony.

The backwaters of Kerala are a series of interconnected waterways, lakes, inlets and riverine estuaries that form an intermeshed network along the coast of Kerala, India. The local people of the Kerala backwaters, travel on these waters and carry out their traditional occupations, such as farming and fishing on its fertile banks. The scenic beauty of the backwaters has also led to its being developed as a tourist destination in recent times. You can travel on backwater cruises in Kerala, on Kerala tours with Kerala Backwater.

Backwater cruises in Kerala are carried out on large converted traditional boats. These boats called "Kettuvalloms" were traditionally used as grain barges, to transport the rice harvested in the fertile fields alongside the Kerala Backwaters. Converted to accommodate tourists, the houseboats have a sleeping area, with attached bathrooms, a separate dining area and a sit out on the deck. You can rest at ease on a houseboat at night and observe the beautiful countryside while sitting on the deck during the day. Food is cooked on board the houseboat by the accompanying staff. On Backwater cruises in Kerala with Kerala Backwater, you can have a relaxing time seeing the birds and aquatic life along the banks of the Kerala backwaters. See the local people, in villages along the banks of Kerala backwaters carry out their daily routine of farming and fishing as you pass by on Backwater cruises in Kerala. Smile at friendly local children as they wave to you, as you float along on your houseboat on Backwater cruises in Kerala.

Some of the best destinations for backwater cruises in Kerala are between the Kerala backwater destinations of Cochin now called Kochi, Alappuzha, Kasargod, Kollam, Kottayam, Kozhikode, Kumarakom, Kuttanad, Thiruvallam, Thiruvananathapuram. You can stop at each destination and explore its attractions, before returning to your houseboat for a ride back into the serene ambience of the backwaters of Kerala, while on backwater cruises in Kerala, with Kerala Backwater.

Alappuzha ( Alleppey )

[The Water World]

Alappuzha (Alleppey) is famous for its boat races, houseboats, coir products, fish and lakes.  Alappuzha remains prominent on the tourist trial of Kerela as one of the major centers for backwater boat trips.  
 

An enchanting backwater destination, Alleppey offers visitors many other leisure options. Boating and fishing facilities are available at Alappuzha.   Holiday packages on the houseboats, traditional Kettuvalloms, are an out-of-this-world experience at Alleppey.
 

 A picturesque world of backwaters, thatched houseboats, Cormorants, Chinese fishing nets and swaying palms - An ideal getaway.  Nature has composed its magic to perfection here. A million verdant coconut palms lining the rivers lean to examine its reflections on the glassy rivers. Everywhere, nature is at its best. Blooming forth in perfumes of flowers. In the riot of colors of multi-hued birds. In the fresh, succulent and bountiful freshwater fishes.

 "Kuttanad" in Alappuzha (Alleppey) is one of few places in the world where farming is done below sea level.  Kuttanad is a land of lush paddy fields and is called the 'Rice Bowl' of Kerela.  Kuttanad stretches for 75 Km sandwiched between the sea and the hills.  Kuttanad is the most beautiful backwaters region of Kerala. It is here that most of the snake boat races are conducted and a majority of the rice boat & houseboat cruises are scheduled. Kerala's network of navigable backwaters stretches to over 900km. These serene waterways are fringed by palm grove and paddy fields and offer a striking spectacle of the rustic life.

Situated in Kuttanad popularly known as the rice bowl of Kerala, QST & R Block Kayals (backwaters) remind the visitor of the famous dikes of Holland.  A striking example of the indigenous agricultural engineering know-how, here cultivation and habitation are made possible at four to ten feet below the sea level.  For this purpose extensive land has been reclaimed from the backwaters and is protected by dikes built around it.  A leisurely cruise along the canals here is a memorable experience.

A backwater trail in Alleppey

The local spring season emerges from August and coincides with the harvest festival of Onam.  The lowest and highest temperatures recorded are 16.10 C and 37.80 C. There is always a cool, fresh breeze, which makes even the warmest weather readily agreeable. The South West monsoon is from early June to early August. However, slight drizzles persist till early November. Average rainfall is 1100 mm per year. The peak tourist season is from November to March.

Kumarakom

[The water world]

The village of Kumarakom is a cluster of little islands on the Vembanad Lake, and this small water world is part of the Kuttanad region. The bird sanctuary here, which is spread across 14 acres, is a favorite haunt of migratory birds and an ornithologist's paradise. Egrets, darters, herons, teal, waterfowl, cuckoo, wild duck and migratory birds like the Siberian stork that live There in flocks are a fascination for visitors.  The best way to watch the birds of the Kumarakom sanctuary is a boat trip round the islands.

An enchanting backwater destination, Kumarakom offers visitors many other leisure options. Boating and fishing facilities are available at Kumarakom.   Holiday packages on the houseboats, traditional Kettuvalloms, are an out-of-this-world experience at Kumarakom.

An unbelievably beautiful paradise of mangrove forests, emerald green paddy fields and coconut groves interspersed with enchanting waterways and canals adorned with while lilies - this is Kumarakom

A picturesque world of backwaters, thatched houseboats, Cormorants, Chinese fishing nets and swaying palms - An ideal getaway.

Kumarakom, located on the Southern coast of India enjoys a well-balanced tropical climate. Nature has composed its magic to perfection here. A million verdant coconut palms lining the rivers lean to examine its reflections on the glassy rivers. Everywhere, nature is at its best. Blooming forth in perfumes of flowers. In the riot of colours of multi-hued birds. In the fresh, succulent and bountiful freshwater fishes.

The local spring season emerges from August and coincides with the harvest festival of Onam.  The lowest and highest temperatures recorded are 16.10 C and 37.80 C. There is always a cool, fresh breeze, which makes even the warmest weather readily agreeable. The South West monsoon is from early June to early August. However, slight drizzles persist till early November. Average rainfall is 1100 mm per year. The peak tourist season is from November to March.

 BEACHES OF KERALA

Kerela has a 600 km long shoreline dotted with some of the finest, most charming beaches of the world, coconut groves, natural harbors, lagoons and sheltered coves.  All of it as peaceful as the rest of the land, washed by the pleasant tropical sun and as pristine as ever.

The main beach destinations of Kerela are:

The Kovalam beach  - This internationally renowned beach resort of  Kerela  has been a favorite haunt of tourists since the 1930s.  Kovalam consists of three adjacent crescent beaches. Kovalam has been a favorite haunt of tourists, especially Europeans, since the 1930s. A massive rocky promontory on the beach has created a beautiful bay of calm waters ideal for sea bathing. The leisure options at this beach are plenty and diverse - sunbathing, swimming, herbal body toning massages, special cultural programmes, Catamaran cruising etc. 

The tropical sun acts so fast that one can see the faint blush of coppery tan on the skin in a matter of minutes.   Life on the beach begins late in the day and carries on well into the night.   

 The southernmost, known as the Lighthouse beach, is the most popular, Kovalam offers accommodation options to suit all the budgets.

Sunbath at lighthouse beach, Kovalam

The Varkala Beach - Varkala is a seaside resort and spa, as well as an important Hindu centre of pilgrimage.  High cliffs with rich mineral springs rise majestically from the coastline.  The 2000 year old Sree Janardhana Swamy Temple and the Nature Care Centre are the two main attractions there.

Varkala beach & cliff

The Shanghumugham Beach - This is a favourite haunt of sunset viewers.  The beach is adjacent to the Thiruvananthapuram airport and Veli Tourist Village. 

Kovalam Beach

Alappuzha Beach - This is one of the most popular picnic spots in alappuzha.  The pier, which extends into the sea here, is about 140 years old.

Kannur beach

The Cherai Beach - This lovely beach bordering Vypeen island is ideal for swimming.  Dolphins are occasionally seen here.

Fort Kochi Beach - The town was shaped by the Portuguese, the Dutch and later the British.

Padinharekara Beach - At the end of the Tipu Sultan Road near Ponnani, the beach offers a breathtaking view of the confluence of the Bharathapuzha, the Tirur puzha and the Arabian sea.

Vallikunnu Beach - A beach resort set in the middle of a coconut grove is the main attraction here.  The Kadalundi Bird sanctuary is just a short distance away.

Beypore - Located at the mouth of the Chaliyar river, Beypore one of the prominent ports and fishing harbours of ancient Kerala was an important trade and maritime centre.

Kappad - This is the historic beach where Vasco da Gama landed on the 27th of May, 1498 with 170 men in three vessels.  The rock studded beach is locally known as Kappakadavu.  An interesting feature of the landscape is the sprawling rock that protrudes into the sea.  The temple on the rock is believed to be 800 years old.

Lighthouse beach, Kovalam

HILL STATIONS - KERALA

Kerela has a long chain of lush, mid-clad hill stations that are home to exotic wildlife.  All the hill resorts in Kerela offer the most enchanting experience of nature in all its virgin beauty.

Munnar Hill Station

The major Hill resorts are:  Munnar, Ponmudi, Peerumade, Neliyampathy, , Peruvannamuzhi, Tusharagiri, Wayanad,  Pythal Mala, Ezhimala, Ranipuram, Devikulam, Wagamon etc..

Mist clad hillocks of Idukki

Tea Plantations at Munnar

Munnar Hill Station

Munnar

Munnar is situated at the confluence of three mountain streams - Mudrapuzha, Nallathani & Kundala.  1600 meter above sea level this hill station was once the summer resort of the erstwhile British Government in South India.  Sprawling Tea plantations, picture book towns, winding lanes, and holiday facilities make this a popular resort town.  Among the exotic flora found in the forests and grasslands here is the Neelakurinji.  This flower which bathes the hills in the blue every twelve years will bloom next in 2006 AD.  Munnar also has the highest peak in South India - Anamudi, which towers over 2695 m.  Anamudi is an ideal spot for trekking.

Trekking spots in Munnar - Anamudi-Rajamala-Meesapulimala-Top Station-Kundala-Devikulam

Altitude - 5000 to 8000 Ft above sea level.

Temperature - 0 degree Celsius to 30 degree celsius

Summer- 15 degree celsius to 25 degree celsius

Winter- 0 degree celsius to 10 degree celsius

The high ranges of Munnar were earlier known as Kannan Devan Hills, named after a certain Kannan Devan, who had been land lord in the Anchanad Valley on the eastern side of the district.  The main cultivation crops in Munnar are Tea and Coffee. 

Wayanad  hill station

Wayanad lies at an altitude varying from 700 - 2100 metres above the sea level. The district has the highest number of tribal settlements in Kerala. The hill ranges of Vythiri taluk (taluk is a sub division of a district), through which the road from Kozhikode ascends the Wayanad plateau over the mind boggling bends and ridges, are the highest locations of Wayanad district.

Established in 1973, the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary is contiguous to the protected area network of Nagarhole and Bandipur of Karnataka on the northeast and Mudumalai of Tamil Nadu on the southeast. Rich in bio-diversity, the sanctuary is an integral part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, which has been established with the specific objective of conserving the biological heritage of the region. The sanctuary is very rich in flora and fauna. The management lays emphasis on scientific conservation with due consideration for the general lifestyle of the tribals and others who live in and around the forest region.

Pookat Lake

A natural fresh water lake surrounded by evergreen forest and rolling hills. A fresh water aquarium with large variety of fish is an added attraction.  Tourists can also avail of boating facilities, children's park, and a shopping centre for handicrafts and spices

Kuruvadweep

This 950 acre, uninhabited island on the eastward bound Kabani river is an ideal picnic spot. The wooded stretch of land is home to rare species of birds, orchids and herbs.

Kuruvadweep

Thirunelly Temple

Surrounded by Kambamala, Karimala and Varadiga, the Thirunelly temple is a marvel of temple architecture. The shrine is shielded with 30 granite columns and the ground is paved with huge square pieces of granite. The crystal clear waters of the Papanasini river running downhill add to the enchantment of the place.

Thirunelli temple

Pazhassi tomb

The memorial of ' the lion of Kerala' - Veera Pazhassi Raja - who organized the guerilla warfare against the British East India Company, is situated at Mananthavady. The Pulpally cave is where Pazhassi took refuge until he was captured by the British.

The Glass Temple of Kottamunda

This temple is located on the slope of Vellarimala and is dedicated to Parswanatha Swamy of the Jain faith. The mirrors inside the temple walls reflect images of the icons in the temple's sanctum sanctorum.

Pakshipathalam

This place can be accessed only by trekking. Rare species of birds can be sighted from the watch tower of this bird sanctuary.

Pakshipathalam

Boy's Town

Herbal garden, nature care centre, sericulture unit, perma-culture centre etc., established by the Wayanad Social Service Society and Jean Park (the Indo-Danish project for promoting herbal gardening) are situated here

Chembra Peak

At 2100 m above mean sea level, Chembra is the highest peak in Wayanad and is an ideal area for trekking.

Edakkal Caves

The two caves are located at a height of 1000 m on Ambukutty Mala near Ambalavayal. The New Stone Age pictorial writings on the walls of these natural caves at Edakkal are evidence of the civilization that existed in these regions in prehistoric times. The caves can be accessed only by a 1 km trekking trail from Edakkal. Morning hours are the best time to visit the caves. Entry is permitted only up to 1700 hrs.

Lakkidi 

Lakkidi, the gateway to Wayanad, is situated 700 m above mean sea level, at the crest of the Thamarasseri Ghat pass. Lofty peaks, gurgling streams and luxuriant forests add magic to the journey up the winding roads to this hill station.

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES / NATIONAL PARKS OF KERELA

Nestled in the lush forests of the Western ghats in Kerela are 12 Wildlife sanctuaries and 02 National Parks.

Elephants at Silent Valley National Park

The Wildlife sanctuaries and National Parks in Kerala are as under :

Peppara Wildlife sanctuary

Neyyar Wildlife sanctuary

Shenduruni Wildlife sanctuary

Periyar Wildlife sanctuary

Idduki Wildlife sanctuary

Chinnar Wildlife sanctuary

Parambikulam Wildlife sanctuary

Aralam Wildlife Sanctuary

Muthanga Wildlife sanctuary

Kadalundi Bird Sanctuary

Thattekad Bird Sanctuary

Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary

Silent Valley National Park

Eravikulam National Park

Wild elephants at Periyar Wildlife sanctuary

Main animals  in the sanctuaries of Kerela are Elephants, gaur, sambar, deer, wild dogs, jungle cats, tigers, wild boars, sloth bears, leopards, lion tailed macaques, Nilgiri Tahrs, langur, Malabar giant squirrel, flying squirrel, tiger, panthers, spotted deer, grizzled giant squirrels, Hanuman langurs, peacocks, star tortoises, wild dogs, civet cats, The Atlas moth, bonnet, macaques, Loris, mongoose, foxen, bears, barking deer, pangolins, bison, bears etc..

Main reptiles in  sanctuaries of Kerela  are Cobra, Viper, krait, a number of non poisonous snakes, bicoloured frogs, crocodiles, Varanur pond terrapins, cane turtles, star tortoises, geckoes, skunks, chameleons, spectacled cobras, pythons, green keel backs, rat snakes, vine snakes, monitor lizards etc...

Indian Hornbill bird

Main birds in the sanctuaries of Kerela are water fowl, cuckoo, owl, egret, heron, water duck, migratory siberian duck, jungle fowls, mynas, laughing thrushes, black bulbuls, peafowls, woodpeckers, kingfishers, the hornbill, stork, raptor, darter, cormorant, grackle, cluster, Indian rollers, common snipes, crow pheasants, jungle nightjars, kites, grey drongos, Malabar trogons, large pied wagtails, baya sparrows, grey jungle fowls, Indian hill mynas, robins, jungle babblers, sunbirds, peacocks, crimson-throated barbets, bee-eaters, shrikes, fairy bluebirds, grey-headed fishing eagles, black winged kites, night herons, grey hornbills, Malabar hornbills  and more than 253 additional species including migrant birds..

Tiger 

Main flora in the sanctuaries of Kerela  are Teak, maruthu, karimaruthi, rosewood, venteak, vengal, chadachi, mazhukanjiram, bamboo, neem, nanjanathi, sandal, dendrocalamus, marythu, vaka, , mulluvenka. elavu, manjakadambu pala, vembu, aval etc... and over 1800 flowering plants including 171 grass species, 143 species of orchids etc...

Wild elephants at Parambikulam Wildlife sanctuary

Periyar Wild Life Sanctuary-Thekkady

The pride of Kerela and a testimony to nature's splendour and human innovation, the Periyar Wildlife Sanctuary is situated on the banks of the Periyar lake - an artificial lake, at Thekkady.   Here the high ranges of the Western Ghats are clothed in dense evergreen, moist deciduous forests and savannah grass lands.   Below this thick green canopy roam herds of elephants, sambars, tigers, gaurs, lion tailed macaques and Nilgiri langurs.

In addition to elephant rides, cruises on the lake and treks to the ruined Mangala Devi temple - a beautiful old stone temple situated in the heart of the Thekkady forest, this sanctuary offers the unique opportunity to watch and photograph wild elephants at close quarters.

The sanctuary is spread across 777 sq km, of which 360 sq km is thick evergreen forest, the Periyar Wild Life Sanctuary was declared a Tiger Reserve in 1978.  Noted for its geomorphology, diversity of wildlife and scenic beauty, the Reserve attracts visitors all over the world and is one of the world's most fascinating natural wildlife reserves.

The splendid artificial lake formed by the Mullaperiyar Dam across the Periyar River adds to the charm of the park.  This is the only sanctuary in India where you can have the unique experience of viewing wildlife at close quarters from the safety of  a boat on the lake.  The greatest attraction of Periyar, however are the herds of wild elephants that come down to the play in the lake.

AYURVEDA ... THE FOUNTAIN OF YOUTH AND BEAUTY

Ayurveda stresses on the prevention of ailments in addition to curing them.  Ayurveda was evolved in India around 600 BC and this is a complete natural healing system that depends on the diagnosis of  the person's body humors to achieve the right balance and thus regain immunity and good health. Ayurveda is a perfect ancient science of life.

Ayurveda believes  in the treatment of not just the affected part, but the individual as a whole.  Making it the natural way to perfect health and harmony of life.

Kerela's natural abundance with its equable climate is best suited for Ayurveda's curative ad restorative programmes.   Kerala is the only place on earth where it is practiced with absolute authenticity and dedication. 

The word AYUR literally means ' life ' and VEDA means ' the science of knowledge '.  Ayurveda briefly explains the knowledge of the do's and don'ts one has to follow, which flavors the well being of each individual to lead a healthy, happy, comfortable and advantageous life both physically, mentally and socially. 

Njavarakizhi

Ayurveda is also known as Asthanga Veda.  The word literally means "Eight branches of  knowledge" as it is divided into eight specialized branches, which are:

1. Kaya Chikilsa                -    General Medicine

2. Kaumara Britya              -    Pediatrics

3. Graha Chikilsa                -    Psychiatry and psycho somatic diseases

4. Shalakya Tantra             -    Diseases of eye, ear, head, nose, throat and its surgery

5. Shalya Tantra                 -    General Surgery

6. Agada Tantra                 -    Toxicology

7. Rasayana Chikilsa         -    Rejuvenation Therapy

8. Vajeekarana Chikilsa      -    Aphrodisiac Therapy

The objectives of Ayurveda is to establish prime health in every living being, physically, mentally and spiritually.  The basic concepts and fundamental principles aim at establishing such a condition through correct and thorough knowledge of healthy living.  Ayurveda states wrong behavior and food habits disturbs the harmony and lead to diseases.

The basic principles of treatment in Ayurveda is to eliminate the internal disease causing factors of diseases.

Sirodhara 

Available Therapies:

1. Rejuvenation Therapy ( 07 days & 14 days )

2. Body Immunization ( 07 days & 14 days )

3. Body seudation ( 07 days & 14 days )

4. Body slimming ( 07 days )

5. Pancha Karma ( 07 days & 14 days )

Key  to Therapies

I. SYNCHORISED MASSAGE

This is subjecting the body with comfortable strokes along with the application of medicated oils.    This therapy comforts the person, improves blood circulation, prevents absorption of inflammatory exudations, removes obesity and pain in the body, relieves fatigue and promotes development of muscles.

II. STEAM BATH

It is procedure by which the person is made to perspire by the application of medicated steam all over the body, except the head. Indicated for neurological aliments, rheumatism, pain all over the body, stiffness of back, arthritis, skin diseases etc.

III. NJAVARAKIZHI

By this procedure, the whole body or a particular part there of is made to sweat by the gentle massage with medical puddings as boluses tied up in Muslin bag.  This is applied for two or four masseurs for about 60 to 90 minutes per day for a period of 14 days.   Indicated for neurological diseases, rheumatism, arthritis, emaciation of limbs, high blood pressure, cholesterol, and certain kinds of skin diseases.

Njavarakizhi

IV. PIZHICHIL

It is a suedation therapy done by pouring warm medicated oil over the body from a particular height with a regular speed of flow for about 60 to 90 minutes per day for a period of 07 to 21 days.  This is effective in paralysis, hemiplegia, arthritis, stiffness of limbs, Sexual weakness, nervous weakness, spastic conditions. It is also a rejuvenation therapy.

Pizhichil

V. SIRODHARA

It is a process by which medicated oil, milk etc. are poured in a continuous stream in the forehead. Indicated for neurological diseases, insomnia, depression, chronic head aches, sleeplessness and burning sensation in the head.

Sirodhara

VI. UDWARTHANAM

It is deep dry massage using herbal powders for about 30 to 45 minutes daily for a period of 14 to 28 days. . This reduces obesity, imparts mobility to joints, strengthens muscles and refreshes the body.

VII. SIROVASTHI

This is a treatment for brain strength. In this, a cap, made up of flexible leather will be fixed on the head and slightly warm oil will be poured inside for about 15 to 60 minutes per day according to the patients conditions for a period of 07 days.  The treatment is highly effective for facial paralysis, dryness of nostrils, mouth and throat, severe headaches and other vatha originated diseases.

VIII. KADIDHARA

It is a sedation therapy done by pouring warm liquid extract of cooked fermented grains over the body with nozzled pitcher. This is effective in all rheumatic complaints especially in rheumatoid arthritis.

IX. DHARA (THAKRA DHARA & KSHEERA DHARA)

Herbal oils, Medicated milk, Medicated butter milk etc., are poured on the forehead in a special method for about 45 minutes in a day for a period of 07 to 21 days.  This treatment is mainly for insomnia, vatha predominated diseases, mental tension and certain skin diseases.

X. KIZHI

Herbal leaves and herbs or herbal powders are applied to the whole body in blouses with hot medicated oils for 45 minutes per day for a period of 07 to 14 days.  Recommended for Osteoarthritis, arthritis with swelling, spondilosis etc.

XI. THARPANAM

Pouring medicated ghee on eyes for improving eyesight.

XII. CHOORNASWEDAM

In this procedure, the whole body is made to sweat by massaging with herbal powder as boluses tied in cloth. Indicated for neurological disorders, rheumatism and arthritis.

XIII. VASTHI

Herbal oils, herbal extracts etc., are applied through the rectum daily for a period of 5 to 25 days.  The treatment is for arthritis, paralysis, hemiplegia, numbness, gastric complaints associated with rheumatism and constant constipation.

XIII. NASYAM

Herbal juices, medicated oils etc., are applied through nose for 07 to 14 days.  This treatment is highly effective for certain kinds of headaches, paralysis, mental disorders, some type of skin diseases etc.

Nasyam

XIV. SNEHAPANAN

Medicated Ghee is given internally in a proportionally increased quantity for a period of 08 to 12 days.  This treatment is for Osteoarthritis, psoriasis, leukemia etc.

XV. YONI PRAKASHALANAM

Herbal oils and decoctions are applied through the vaginal route.  This treatment is good for gynecological disorders.  It is also a purification process for genital organs.

XVI. KATIVASTHI

Specially prepared warm medicated oil is kept over the lower back with herbal paste boundary.  This treatment is good for any type of back pain and spinal disorders.  The treatment lasts for 45 mins to 01 hr.

XVII. ABHYANGAM

Special type of Oil Massage in which strokes are given according to the diseases for 45 minutes per day for 14 days.   This treatment is very useful for obesity, especially for diabetic gangrene etc.

XVIII. UROVASTHI

Warm medicated oil is kept over the chest for 45 minutes.  This is an effective treatment for Asthma, other respiratory problems, heart diseases and muscular chest pain.

XIX. KSHEERADHOOMAM

This is fomentation with medicated cow milk.  This treatment is good for facial paralysis, Bell's palsy, speech disorders and other nervous disorders of the face.

XX. LEPANAM

Medicated herbal paste is applied on the affected part.  This is useful for various types of inflammatory conditions.

XXI. THALAM

Special powder mixed with medicated oil applying on the top of the head for 20 to 45 mins.  This treatment is helpful for insomnia, migraine etc..

Ayurveda Packages:

1.  Rejuvenation Therapy (Rasayana Chikilsa)

     Duration: 1hour 30 minutes a day for 7 or 14 days.

This is complete rejuvenation therapy comprising of synchronized special massage. Herbal steam bath, Njavarakizhi etc. This carefully planned health program is directed towards improving vigor and vitality. It will also go a long way to tone up the skin and improve complexion. That is, it is a return to the eternal youth.

Body massage

2.  Body Immunization / Longevity Treatment (Kayakalpa Chikilsa)

    Duration: 1 ½ hour a day for 7 or 14 days

This is a complete immunization therapy comprising of the relevant rejuvenation therapy and panchakarma therapy, which changes person to person. The Ayurveda doctor in the centre will suggest the suitable program. This carefully planned health program is directed towards strengthening the immunize system in order to achieve ideal health and prevent seasonal diseases.

Rejuvenation Massage

3.  Body Seudation

     Duration: 1 hour a day for 7 days

This package comprises synchronized massage and Herbal steam bath. This is meant for improving physical consistency, better eye sight, inducing sound sleep, reduces high blood pressure, elimination of impurities in the system. It improves the complexion and texture of the skin and provides shinning and softness to the skin

4.  Body Slimming

     Duration: 1 hour a day for 7 days

This package is deep dry massage using herbal powders. This reduces obesity, imparts mobility to joints, strengthens muscles and refreshes the body.

5.  Panchakarma

     Duration: 2 hours a day for 7 or 14 days

The package contains the famous panchakarma (5 therapies) and some of the sub therapies. We call it the completeness as it is a total and integrated health pack meant for both the healthy and sick. This is indicated in diseases like paralysis, arthritis, rheumatism, skin diseases and mental disorders the five fold purification therapy (Panchakarma) is employed. This includes medicated oil enema (Snehavasti) decoction enema (Kashayavasti), purgation with medicines (Virechana), induced vomiting with medicines (Vamana) and nasal medication (Nasya). Panchakarma is a prerequisite of Rasayana therapy (formal rejuvenation therapy) and also is useful is cases of sub fertility and impotence.

5.1 Vamana
This is induced vomiting and is done by giving emetic drugs orally along with a large quantity of liquids. The subject is allowed to vomit all contents of stomach. Indicated for bronchial asthma, cough, psoriasis, epilepsy, anaemia, insanity etc.

5.2 Virechana (Purgation)
It is done by oral administration of purgative drugs. Indicated for skin diseases, urinary disorders, flatulence, anaemia, insanity, arthritis etc.

5.3 Snehavasthi (Oil enema)
This is a special enema where the main ingredient is a medicated oil.

5.4 Kashays Vasthi (Special enema)
It is a enema with medicated mixtures. Indicated in rheumatism, arthritis, low back pain, sciatica, flatulence, pain in hip joints, hemiplegia etc.

5.5 Nasya (Errhines)
This is done by administering medicines generally medicated oil into the nostrils. Indicated in headache, bronchial asthma, neuralgia, ear ache, sinusitis, facial paralysis etc.

Duration of the treatment may vary according to the direction of the Doctor and the process may change depending upon the patient's body conditions.

Kerala Houseboats

The Houseboats of Kerala are giant country crafts, measuring up to 80 feet in length, retrieved from being lost to the State altogether.  Once they ruled the backwaters, poled along by one or two men, heavily loaded with rice, coconut and other commodities.  But in the recent times, the kettuvalloms have been replaced by more and modern modes of transport, relegating them to neglect and decay.  

A two deck houseboat on cruise on the backwater

It takes great skill and meticulousness to construct these giants by tying huge planks of jack wood together.  Curiously enough, not a single nail is used in their making.  There used to be an entire clan of artisans who were involved in kettuvallom construction.  Today, an innovative holiday idea has restored these majestic representatives of a unique culture and with them their makers.

The houseboats that cruise these emerald waterways are an improvisation on the large country barges which were an essential part of the land's ethos in days gone by.  Modified to meet a novel concept of holidaying, the kettuvalloms are comfortably furnished with an open lounge, one or two bath attached bedrooms and a kitchenette, and are extremely eco friendly, merging smoothly into the panorama.  Every boat is manned by a crew - usually a cook, guide and oarsman.

ECOTOURISM KERALA:

Bhoothathan Kettu
Kothamangalam, Ernakulam District, Kerala

Bhoothathan Kettu, the perfect getaway for the nature freak. Forests to trek in, birds to watch, a river for boating, rapids to shoot, a lake to fish in, and much more, provide the perfect holiday for the nature loving tourist.

An Overview

Tall mountains, a calm lake, the river Periyar and an all-encompassing forest meet at Bhoothathan Kettu to make it a tribute to nature. Bhoothathan Kettu is 100 mtr. above MSL and has a very moderate climate. At Bhoothathan Kettu a nature loving tourist can enjoy a cruise through a tranquil fresh water lake, trek through deep green reverie forest in search of remnants of bygone civilizations, go for an adventure expedition down the turbulent Periyar reenacting the old route, take a cool dip in fresh clean water coming down a mountain where the ‘Neelakoduveli’-a life-giving herb- is said to grow and much more. All this is located just 50 km. North east of Kochi and a 35 km. drive from Kochi International Airport.

A lot has been written about the Periyar or ‘Churni Nadi’ in the Tamil epics of the Sangam age such as the ‘Chilapathikaram’,. ‘Akananooru’, ‘Purananuru’ etc. It is a river that has witnessed the rise and fall of many civilizations, cities, ports, towns and villages. At Bhoothathankettu, the river Periyar joins the Edamalayar and Pooyamkuttiyar, forming Kerala’s longest and largest river. Down-stream from Bhoothathan Kettu there are several islands, falls, rapids, and deep chasms in the river bed. This multi-faceted nature of the river provides challenging opportunities for those who love adventure.

In the olden days the bamboo from the forests was taken to Kalady through this river in rafts. Navigating the river posed a great challenge for those who transported the bamboo down the river. This old raft route can be rediscovered by an expedition on dinghies.

A myth associated with the place explains its name and how it came about. According to it Bhoothams (evil spirits/ghosts) wanted to destroy the temple at Thrikariyoor dedicated to Lord Shiva. They decided to flood the region by damming the river Periyar. To do this the Bhoothams rolled down massive stones from the surrounding hills into a narrow portion of the river. Lord Shiva, realizing their intention came up with an ingenious plan to deter them. Ghosts being scared of daylight, he tricked them into believing that morning had arrived. To do this Lord Shiva imitated a rooster’s crow, the most common announcement of dawn’s arrival, on hearing which the evil spirits fled, leaving the dam incomplete. Visitors can see the structure downstream from the present dam. Hence the name Bhoothathan Kettu (fort of the spirits). Later, this natural topography helped in building a dam here.

Periyar Valley Lake

To irrigate the paddy fields of Ernakulam District the water flowing through the river Periyar was tamed by a dam constructed across the river at Bhoothathan Kettu. This dam created a fresh water lake that stretches from Bhoothathan Kettu to Neriamangalam, bordered predominantly by forest. The specialty of the lake is its abundance of fresh, unpolluted water. The lake has a good stock of fresh water fish, which provide a bountiful opportunity to those who love fishing. It is an ideal spot for those tourists who love to get lost in the wilderness, isolated in nature’s noisiness in the company of numerous varieties of large and small beautiful birds. The world famous Thattekad Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary is on the banks of this lake. For more details about the bird sanctuary visit page entitled

A cruise in a house boat through the many coves and inlets of the lake is a truly memorable journey. Floating through the lake one will be able to see many of the birds the sanctuary is famous for. For the sports-oriented, the lake is a superb place for water-sports such as water-skiing.

Chelamalai

On the western side of the Thattekad ferry, and the southern side of the Periyar, a hill is seen. The summit of this hill stands higher than those of the surrounding seven hills, and is not of rock as in the case of the other hills seen in this region, but of earth. The northern side of the hill is steeper than the southern. At present the slopes are covered by teak plantations. This is the ‘Chelamalai’.

Noteworthy features of Chelamalai are the following:

i) On the southern side, the remnants of a path, around 10 feet wide, cut into the laterite, can be seen at several places. Though there are several breaks in the path due to the forest road passing through the site, it can easily be distinguished. Along the sides of the path, remains of the foundation of a wall can also be seen.

ii) There are several wells located within a 5 to 6 sq. km. area.

iii) On the eastern side of Chelamalai and on the western side of the Punnekkad - Thattekad road, at the ten km milestone, the exposed portion of an underground structure, resembling a cellar, about six to eight ft. wide and ten ft. long is seen. One side of it is a laterite wall while the other three sides are granite. Only the top of the vertical stone slabs are visible, the rest being buried in the ground. In the middle of this structure, portions of granite slabs, vertically sunk in the ground, are seen. This could have been a tomb. During a recent ditch-digging exercise by the telephone dept., the side of this road opposite to the above-mentioned structure was dug up. Exactly opposite this presumable tomb, were found several large earthen jars or pots. Called Nanangadis, these are burial containers for people, used during the BC 2000 to AD 500 period. The pots, all except for one were in pieces, the exception having been intact as the workmen had dug around it exposing only half of the jar in the ditch. The jar was around 4 feet high with an approximate mouth radius of 25 to 30 cm. The jars had overturned rims that had some sort of simple, regular design on them. This area could have been a cemetery, as the Nanangadis were found in perfect rows, of the Cheras who lived in the Chelamalai region.

iv) On the north western side of Chelamalai a stone-paved path, six ft. wide,from the top of the hill to the river at the bottom, is seen. This path has steps in certain parts, and both sides are packed with uncut stones.

v) From the top of the hill along the southern side, remains of a pathway, 15 to 20 ft. wide, built with by stone packing on both sides is seen. Remains of this veritable road stretching for about half a km can be seen.

vi) At the top of the hill, remains of large compound walls like that of a fort, surround the summit of the hill in concentric circles. Uncut sandstones lie scattered all over the hill, giving the impression of massive destruction, natural or otherwise, of the construction that was presumably here.

Local people inform that several years ago this area was ploughed - using elephants- in search of treasure. In the process the ruins in the area were disturbed, most likely destroyed completely, due to the ignorance of the treasure-seeker, of the historical importance of the area. The area has undergone teak planting and several other agricultural activities. During the course of farming all the structures will have been demolished for planting teak and other intermittent crops like ginger, tapioca, paddy etc. Hence all the structures will have disappeared. The people who have farmed here have seen remains of wells, building foundations, roads etc.

Chelamalai is believed to be the “Vanchinagaram” or “Vanchi” of AD first century, which was the capital of the early Chera Kingdom. The ruins of roads, pathways, wells, fort, cemetery etc. lead towards this conclusion. The central location of Chelamalai also makes it a suitable site for a ruling capital. The ruins of several temples located within a 10 km radius of Chelamalai clearly indicate the importance of the area and the human population that once existed here. What reason can be there for the signs of such a massively populated area other than it being a centre of some sort, and coupled with the extensive fort complex on the hill it implies this region was a capital.

Presently the location of Vanchi is a highly disputed question. The answers range from Karavur near the banks of the Amaravati in Tamil Nadu, to near Kodungalloor, to Thrikariyoor near Kothamangalam. The noted historian V. Kanakasabhai states that present-day Thrikariyoor is the location of Vanchi, but according to the `Pathitipathu’ (a famous anthology of Tamil poems of the Sangam age) VI.3, Vanchi is situated on the summit of a tall hill encircled by forest. In view of the above information cannot Chelamalai be a viable candidate for the location of Vanchi, moreover it is close to Thrikariyoor thus not completely denying Kanakasabhai’s theory either. A detailed investigation and study of the
area is required.

Each stone found in Chelamalai will probably have a story to tell of a bygone era.

The Periyar

The river Periyar is the longest river in Kerala. This is the only perennial river in South India with clean water. The river occupies an important place in the history of Kerala. In the Sangam age Tamil epics such as Chilapathikaram, ‘Akananuru’, ‘Purananuru’ etc much has been said about this mighty river, formerly known as the ‘Choorni nadi’ or ‘Thamraparni Nadi’ (Sukasandesam –stanza 66). A land route existed in the Sangam age from Mussuris (present-day Kodungalloor) to Madurai which passed near the banks of the river Periyar. The capital of the old Chera Empire presumably existed on the banks of the river Periyar.

It is believed that there was a flood in the 4th century AD which severely damaged the areas along the Periyar and the people living there had to escape to safer locations, abandoning their homes and livelihoods. The flood of AD 1341 resulted in the closing of Kodungalloor port and the opening of a new port at Kochi. The huge landslide that began in the high ranges as a result of the heavy downpours sent massive flows of mud and sand which created an Island at the ‘Azhimugham’ of the Periyar which is now known as the Vyppin Islands.

Several poets of the Sangam age have mentioned the specialty of the water flowing through the Periyar, especially about its medicinal values and curing capacity for several diseases. The Periyar begins in the high ranges in an area where the ‘Neelakoduveli’ – a Mruthasanjeevani (life saving herbal plant) is supposed to grow. It is believed that water flowing in the northern side of the river possesses more medicinal value than that in the south.

The Periyar provides 75% of the electricity consumed by the people of Kerala. Idukki, Pallivasal, Lower Periyar, Mattupetty, Edamalayar and several other hydro electric projects are located on the banks. The biggest irrigation project in Kerala – the Periyar Valley Irrigation Project - which is at present irrigating the entire district of Ernakulam (it is planned to extend its waters to parts of Thrissur district) is at Bhoothathan Kettu. In Bhoothathan Kettu there is a dam just below the Sangamam point of the Periyar. Water from the Periyar provides drinking water for the whole city of Cochin, and Alwaye and Perumbavoor towns. There are several heavy industries located on the banks of the Periyar along its reaches below Alwaye. Several pilgrim centers like Malayattoor Church, Alwaye Sivarathri Manalpuram, the birth place of Sri Sankaracharya at Kalady etc. are on the banks of the Periyar.

At present the Periyar is facing several challenges. Unscrupulous sand mining, unrestricted use of pesticides in the paddy fields along the banks of the river and the heavy flow of poisonous waste water from the heavy industries located on its banks are killing the mighty river. Its role as a life saving line, which has been unchanged for centuries, is threatened now. Historic Remnants

The Sangam age Tamil epics such as Chilappathikaram, Akananooru, Purananuru etc. mention the river Periyar or Choorni Nadi and the rich civilization that existed on its banks. The remnants of a civilization comparable to that of Harappa – Mohenjodaro have been found in this area. On the eastern side of Bhoothathankettu, there are eight hills of which the tallest, in the centre, Chelamalai, is believed to be Vanchi, the capital of the early Chera dynasty. The remnants of forts, pathways, wells, bathing ghats, cemeteries etc. located there provide enough proof that this was a very important city once. In the forest on the right bank of the river several Muniaras,

Statue of an unknown Goddess

Nannagadies, remnants of old temples, houses, canals etc have been found, which remain in the forest as proof of a rich civilization that existed there in an unclear point of history. The discovery of four gold coins of ‘ Umayya Kalifa’ (AD 661-750) from Kothamangalam (Ernakulam Gazetter p 50), which is very close to Bhoothathan Kettu, proves the rich historic background of this area. Bhoothathan Kettu is the perfect getaway for the history-minded tourist.

Birding At the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary
Thattekad

On the western side of the Indian subcontinent is the rain ward side of the Western Ghats, a lush green part of the country watered by every passing cloud. Here lies the quiet but beautiful Kerala, haven for a wide variety of exotic flora and fauna. Thattekad, on the banks of the river Periyar, is a dense monsoon forest, not very far from the port town of Cochin. Salim Ali described it as "the birder's paradise". A plantation forest with teak, mahogany and fruit-bearing trees along with the natural wild tropical deciduous vegetation, it is home to nearly 350 species of birds, most notably the Malabar gray hornbill. Other exotic birds are the Ceylon frogmouth, Malabar trogon, White-bellied treepie and Heart-spotted woodpecker. Elephants also live here, happy with the easily accessible ponds on the side of the river. It is now protected as the Salim Ali Bird Sanctuary.

Location

From Ernakulam one can take a bus to Kothamangalam, a two-hour journey. Buses to this place may not be very frequent. So an alternative is to take one of the frequent buses to Muvattupuzha and from there take a bus to Kothamangalam (a half-hour journey), which is a shorter route too.

From Kothamangalam there are direct buses to Thattekad throughout the day, and one need not take a boat from Bhoothathan Kettu. Thattekad is 15 km from Kothamangalam and the bus takes about half an hour. On reaching Thattekad, the bus is ferried across the river Periyar on a contraption made by joining three small boats. The sanctuary is very well-maintained.

A bus being ferried across river Periyar on a contraption made by joining three boats

Watchers Walk: A bamboo bridge built and donated by the bird-watchers

A pellucid lake near the entrance to the sanctuary

Checklist of Birds at Thattekad

1.      House Swift

2.      Malabar Grey Hornbill*

3.      Brahminy Kite

4.      Brown Lizard-Hawk (Jerdon's Baza)*

5.      Darter

6.      Pond Heron

7.      Cattle Egret

8.      Little Egret

9.      Median Egret

10. Little Cormorant

11. Red-wattled Lapwing

12. Gull-billed Tern

13. Spotted Dove

14. Green Pigeon*

15. Common kingfisher

16. White-breasted Kingfisher

17. Pied Kingfisher

18. Little Green Bee-eater

19. Greater Coucal

20. Koel

21. Gold-fronted Leafbird*

22. Fairy Bluebird*

23. (Shama)

24. Magpie Robin

25. Red-breasted Flycatcher

26. Purple Sunbird

27. Purple-rumped Sunbird

28. Tickell's Flower-pecker

29. Large Pied Wagtail

30. Indian Pitta*

31. Crimson-throated Barbet*

32. Little Green Barbet

33. Rufous Woodpecker*

34. Great Indian Three-toed Woodpecker*

35   Golden-backed Woodpecker

36. Common hawk-cuckoo

37. Grey Jungle-fowl*

38. White-breasted Water-hen

39. (Bronze-winged Jacana)

40. Grey tit

41. Common Iora

42. Jungle Crow

43. House Crow

44. Indian Tree-pie

45. White-bellied Tree-pie*

46. Racket-tailed Drongo*

47. Bronze Drongo*

48. Black Drongo

49. Ashy Drongo

50. Golden Oriole

51. Black-headed Oriole

52. Small Minivet

53. Large Woodshrike*

54. Common Woodshrike

55. Paradise Flycatcher

56. Yellow-browed Bulbul*

57. Red-whiskered Bulbul

58. Red-vented Bulbul

59. Ruby-throated Yellow Bulbul*

60. (Chestnut-bellied Nuthatch)

61. Common Myna

62. Hill Mynah*

63. White-headed Myna*

64. Blyth's Reed-warbler

65. Jungle Babbler

66. Heart-spotted Woodpecker*

67. Blossom-headed Parakeet*

68. Blue-winged Parakeet*

69.  Indian Lorikeet

Ecotourism is a growing area in the tourist friendly state of Kerala. Ecotourism in Kerala has taken off in a big way because Kerala has many destinations known for their natural beauty and exquisite landscape. Kerala is one of the greenest destinations in India. The landscape is covered with coconut palms in the coastal areas. The paddy fields shimmer with the emerald green of new shoots. The banana plantations are filled with the whisper of waving green banana leaves. The tea plantations are a green blanket that cover the hill ranges as far as the eye can see, in the Western Ghats in Kerala and the backwaters are fringed with Pandanus plants that trail the tips of their long leaves in the rippling water, as you float by. You can appreciate the verdant beauty of Kerala on Kerala tours with Kerala backwater.

The wildlife sanctuaries of Kerala are popular ecotourism destinations. Tourists from all over the world come to see tigers, elephants, deer and animals native to the Malabar region, such as the Nilgiri Tahr, in the wildlife sanctuaries of Kerala including Periyar, Wyanad, Silent Valley and Eravikulam wildlife sanctuary on Kerala tours with Kerala Backwater.

RUBBER PLANTATIONS IN KERALA:

Rubber tapping in Kerala:

In recent times the rubber plantations and tea estates have also opened their doors to tourists who travel to Kerala, seeking a green getaway. The Portuguese, Dutch, French and English colonial rulers of Kerala established the plantations of Kerala during colonial times. The crops they introduced to Kerala include rubber, grown for its latex, and tea - England's favorite drink. These crops grew and flourished in Kerala's pleasant climate. Sheltered from the sun by tall trees, the plantations and their lodges, offer tourists a relaxing getaway on Kerala tours. You can visit the plantations of Kerala on ecotourism vacations in Kerala and Kerala tours with Kerala Backwater.

Some of the ecotourism attractions that you will see on Kerala tours with Kerala Backwater are

As you travel across the green landscape of God's Own Country on Kerala tours, with Kerala Backwater you're sure to see acres of land covered with Rubber plantations. These green zones are a beautiful sight for the visiting tourist in Kerala and are also a vital part of the economy of Kerala.

Kerala is the leader in rubber production among the states of India. The rubber plantations are also opening their doors to tourists on Kerala tours who would like to see, a traditional way of life and experience a stay in a rural retreat. The quiet, green, environment of the rubber plantations of Kerala are a fascinating eco tourism option among Kerala tours with Kerala Backwater.

Stay at a traditional farmhouse in a rubber plantation in Kerala on eco tourism vacations and tours of Kerala with Kerala Backwater. Enjoy the hospitality of the plantations, go for nature walks and observe the birds, butterflies and squirrels amidst the plants in the rubber plantations in Kerala.

The rubber plant is not a native plant of India. Dutch colonialists who also cultivated rubber in their plantations in Indonesia introduced the rubber plant to Kerala, India, because of its similar tropical climate. The Rubber plant (its botanical name is Havea brasiliensis) produces sticky, white latex that is collected and processed to produce natural rubber. A rubber plant has to grow for about seven years before it can be tapped on a regular basis. A rubber tree can be productive for over 20 years. Rubber trees are characterized by their straight trunks and smooth green leaves. The rubber is harvested by rubber tappers who make a long curving cut on the outer bark of the trunk of the rubber tree. The latex from within the tree seeps to the surface of the cut and trickles down the cut into a container, tied to the tree by the rubber tapper. Every morning the rubber tapper empties the cup tied to each tree, in the area of the plantation that he works in. After a few days he will make another cut just above or below the first cut, thus extracting more latex from the rubber tree. Eventually after about 20 years the rubber tree will stop producing latex, upon which a new tree is planted in its place.

Apart from rubber trees other plants grown alongside include spices, areca nut and cashew. You can see the local farmers and plantation workers tending and harvesting the crops on rubber plantations in Kerala, while on nature tours in Kerala with Kerala Backwater.

TEA PLANTATIONS IN KERALA

On Kerala tours, with Kerala Backwater as you travel to the hill ranges of the Western Ghats in Kerala, you'll find some of the highest tea estates in India in and around Munnar. Tea plantations and tea cultivation were introduced to Kerala by British settlers in colonial times, when they found that the temperature and soil conditions of the hill ranges of Kerala were suited to tea cultivation. India is today the world's largest tea producer and exporter.

The tea plantations in Kerala are a beautiful sight as the green tea bushes cover the gentle hill slopes and forma green mantle over the surface of the hills. Some tea plantations also provide accommodation to tourists on Kerala tours who would like to stay close to nature in a quiet getaway and observe the wildlife and traditional routine of an agricultural plantation. The plantations are equipped with modern conveniences to make your stay as comfortable as possible on Kerala tours with Kerala Backwater. The serene tea plantations of Kerala are a pleasant eco tourism option among Kerala tours with Kerala Backwater.

Live in plantations lodges and mansions in a tea plantation in Kerala on tours of Kerala and eco tourism holidays with Kerala Backwater. See the process of tea harvesting and processing, go for nature treks and relax in the soothing environment of the tea estates of Kerala on tours of the tea plantations of Kerala with Kerala Backwater.

Tea cultivation in Kerala:

The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) was introduced to India by the British during colonial times. The bush has shiny green leaves with pointed ends and have a pleasant aroma. Take a deep breath as you walk through a tea plantation in Kerala and you can feel the fragrance of tea invigorate you. Tea bushes will grow to tree height in the wild. On plantations however tea bushes are maintained at waist height so the leaves can be plucked easily. Tea picking is carried out by hand, usually by groups of women. Their agile fingers pick only the bud and first two leaves of each shoot and place them in a basket slung behind their backs. The women often sing as they work to help them sustain a rhythm as they move along the rows of tea bushes. The tea leaves are processed after plucking and sorted into categories based on fermentations and other processing treatments. The three broad classifications of tea are - Green Tea, Oolong Tea and Black Tea.

Apart from tea bushes other plants grown on tea plantations include pepper, cardamom, cashew, and areca nut. The shade trees grown to shelter tea bushes are also harvested for their fruit. You can see the see the process of tea picking and processing on tea plantations in Kerala, while on nature tours in Kerala with Kerala Backwater.

SPICE PLANTATIONS IN KERALA:

Kerala Backwater takes you on tours of the Spice Plantations of Kerala. Kerala is known for its fabulous spices. Traders from ancient Phoenicia made tours to Kerala to carry back its aromatic spices to Mediterranean lands. Pepper, cardamom, cinnamon, ginger, cloves and more… the spices of Kerala were used in the West to all flavor to food and wine and to preserve meat during the cold European winter.

Spices can be defined as " aromatic substances of vegetable origin, used for flavoring food or as a preservative." Many spices are also known to have medicinal value, for instance turmeric is a known anti-oxidant and curry leaf can control prevent diabetes.

The East India Companies of various European powers - the Portuguese, the Dutch, the French and the English fought over possession of the trade routes and the precious spice plantations of Kerala. Today you can simply take a tour with Kerala Backwater and find yourself enjoying the hospitality of the spice plantations of Kerala on Kerala tours.

The spice plantations of Kerala are fascinating farms to wander in, for different sections of each plantation are dedicated to different spices. Apart from spices traditionally grown in India such as pepper, cinnamon, ginger and cardamom farmers in Kerala have taken to growing spices that are used worldwide. Some of the spices cultivated in spice plantations are vanilla, oregano, rosemary, thyme, basil, mint, bay leaf and sage.

Take a trip to the spice plantations of Kerala with Kerala Backwater and feel transported into a green paradise. Walk through the aromatic spice gardens where the air is laden with the fragrance of nature's bounty. Some spice plantations in Kerala offer tourists accommodation in the lodges and mansions on the plantation. Guest can stay with the plantations owner's family and enjoy home cooked traditional Kerala cuisine and witness the activities of the spice plantation. Go for nature walks and bird watching treks, wander through the plantations, taste the various spices and breathe in the fragrant air on Kerala tours of the spice plantations of Kerala with Kerala Backwater. The tranquil spice plantations of Kerala are a refreshingly different eco tourism option among Kerala tours with Kerala Backwater.

Spice cultivation in Kerala:

Many different spices are cultivated in Kerala. Some of the spices that Kerala is famous for and which you will see on tours of the spice plantations of Kerala, are

• Pepper

• Cardamom

• Cinnamon

• Ginger

• Vanilla

• Nutmeg

ADVENTURE KERALA

Kerala's thick forests, mountains and the calm backwaters offer opportunities for the adventurous in more ways than one. While the mountain ranges on the eastern border of Kerala beckon the wildlife and environment enthusiast to try out the interesting trekking routes, the forests of the Periyar tiger reserve provide fascinating sights of both flora and fauna. The eco-traveller will get a chance to see some enchanting creatures in their natural habitat like the flying squirrels, elephants or even a tiger. Birds abound in the forests and so does rarely seen butterflies like the Malabar Tree Nymph. In addition, the joys of mountain biking through acres of cardamom, spices or coffee plantations are an experience worth taking.

The plains too are no exception with an abundance of canals, lagoons, lakes and rivers. The famed backwaters with their distinct landscape are found nowhere else in the world. They open out to the visitor to experience the rural life of Kerala. The best way to see Kerala first-hand is to go around cycling or canoeing down the backwaters. Some of well known adventure sports of Kerala are backwater biking, canoeing, hiking, trekking, water sports and wildlife tours.

KERALA ADVENTURE

 

Kerala's adventure lies in its exquisite beaches, backwater cruiser, wildlife sanctuaries, water sports and much more.
Kerala Backwater Adventure

Backwater Biking and Canoeing

Kerala's backwaters are not only meant for lazy cruises but also for the adventurous. The canals, lagoons, lakes and rivers - the backwaters - with their unique geographical features leave an indelible impression on the minds of those who view it from close. The best way to relive this experience take a backwater bike or canoe your way down from Alapuzha or Alleppey along the paddy fields and villages of central Kerala.

Begin your journey at Alappuzha with its maze of backwaters, canals and bridges. As you make your way out of Alappuzha through the rice bowl of Kuttanad, you will often find your canoe moving on water, the level of which is often higher than that of the green fields on either side. You could go on up to Kochi via the backwaters and you will get an opportunity to see many beautiful sights along the way, such as the Chinese fishing nets, which are believed to have been introduced into Kerala by the traders from Kublai Khan's court.

A beautiful backwater spot accessible from Alappuzha is Kumarakom. Breathtakingly green, the little village seems to be sleeping peacefully by the Vembanad Lake. The lush green of the countryside gently mixes with the swaying coconut palms and blends into the waters. Kumarakom is so enchanting that in the last century an Englishman, Henry Baker, fell in love with the place and built his bungalow there. Today, the elegant and stylish mansion is a tourist complex. Next door to Kumarakom is the well-known 14-acre Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary. A haven for water ducks, Siberian birds and many more species from half way across the world, the sanctuary is a pleasure to visit in any season. But the best time is winter for it is then that birds come in droves. A golden yellow island, Pathiramanal, is also in Vembanad Lake and must not be missed. From there to Kochi is a short ride but one that will take you to a world of peace and quiet.

You could take another route from Alappuzha to Kollam. Your journey will take you up the Pampa river to the island hamlet of Champpakkulam, and then on to the Karumadi Canal. Take a moment to see the statue of Karumadikuttan, believed to be the Buddha. Locals believe it is a legacy of the time when Buddhist monks came to Kerala to preach their message of peace. Then your waterbike will go past Trikunnapuzha across the Kayamkulam and Ashtamudi Lake to end the journey at the ancient port of Kollam or Quilon.

Kerala's backwater is the most popular tourist attraction of the city with its 41 tranquil rivers, the backwaters stretch to almost 1,900 kilometers.
 

The most gratifying backwater region is the Kuttanad region, called the rice bowl of Kerala. The area is probably the only place in the continent where farming is done below sea level, using a system of jetty. The largest backwater stretch is the Vembanad Lake that flows into the sea at the Kochi port and curves through three districts-Alappuzha, Kottayam and Kochi.

Alappuzha, one of the major centers for backwater boat trips is also known as 'The Venice of the East'. Near Thiruvananthapuram lies the Veli Aakulam lagoon famous for its water sports, a floating restaurant, an amusement park and motorboat cruiser houseboats, swamp beaches, marine products, coir industries making it an idle adventure zone.

BOAT RACES:

Kerala is well-known for its boat races along with the water sports. Kuttanad and the upper Kuttanad area are mainly famous for the boat races. The annual boat races are a source of entertainment, celebration and gaiety for the locals comprising majority of the agriculturists and fishermen. These annual boat races are the platform for proving the physique and muscle power of the people of a Kara locality of Kuttanadu. Among the several boat races of Kerala the chief are the Nehru Trophy Boat Race, Champakulam Moolam Boat Race and Aranmula Boat Race. Nehru Trophy Boat Race

The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is the most colorful water sport in Kerala. It is organized at Punnamada Lake in Alappuzha every year on the second Saturday in the month of August. People from all over the world come over here to witness this prestigious cultural event of Kerala. The trophy was named as Nehru Trophy because the first Prime Minister of India, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru handed it over to the winners of the first boat race. The event was an impromptu and was held in the honor of the Prime minister who visited Alappuzha in 1952.

In the year 1952, Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru visited the erstwhile Travancore-Cochin. On his way to Alleppey from Kottayam He was given a roaring reception by the people of Alleppey on his way from Alleppey to Kottayam. After enjoying the sail in the snake boat known as Chundan, Pandit Nehru donated a rolling trophy to be awarded to the winner.

The Nehru Trophy Boat Race is celebrated, as a festival by the people of Alleppey and the main attraction of the festival is the sportsman's sprit of the participants of the race. The event is enjoyed equally by the locals as well as the tourists both Indian and foreigners.

The trophy is a replica in silver of a snake-boat and is placed over a wooden abacus. Panditji's signature along with the following words is inscribed on the trophy: "To the winner of the boat-race which is a unique feature of community life in Travancore-Cochin". This trophy was later given the name of the 'Nehru Trophy'. Nehru Trophy Boat race has become a very popular event over the years and all the boat clubs desire to win the prestigious Nehru Trophy.

Champakulam Moolam Boat Race

The Champakulam Moolam Boat Race is the oldest and most popular snake boat race in Kerala. It is closely associated with the Sri Krishna Temple at Ambalappuzha. The boat race is held on the Champakulam Lake on the Moolam day of the Malayalam calendar month Midhunam. It is also the day of the installation of the deity at the Temple. According to the local legends, the Maharaja Devanarayana of Chempakasseri built a temple at Ambalappuzha at the instruction of the royal priest. But as the deity was being installed, he was informed that the idol was not auspicious. The minister suggested to the disturbed king to bring down the idol of Sri Krishna, presented to Arjuna by the Lord himself, from the Karikulam temple in Kurichi. The minister with a few others went to Kurichi, met the authorities and returned with the idol. On the way back they had a night halt at Champakulam. The next morning, the boats from the entire region gathered to escort the idol in a ceremonial procession through the lake to the Temple.

This practice has continued over the years and is performed with the same enthusiasm. An exotic procession of water boats decorated with colorful parasol is carried out just before the race. The race is organized at several stages for various categories of boats.

Aranmula Boat Race

The Aranmula Boat Race is a two day water carnival rather than a sports competition. It is held during the festival of Onam. According to the local beliefs, this event is performing of a very famous legend. The story thus goes that once a devout Brahmin made votive offering of feeding one pilgrim a day. One day Sri Krishna himself made an appearance to him. Overwhelmed, the Brahmin vowed to offer 51 measures of rice and all the ration for the thiruvona sadya or the sumptuous Onam feast at the Aranmula Parthasarathy Temple.

Once the rivals from another village stopped the thiruvonachilavu thoni or the boat carrying the offerings. But the villagers of the Brahmin's own village came to the rescue on snake boats. Since then, a fleet of about 48 palliyodam representing the nearby backwater villages carried the offering. A palliyodam is a large, luxurious snake boat used especially by the gods and the royalty.

Today, only 26 colorful snake boats participate in the event. An imposing idol of Sri Krishna is taken out in procession around the lake where the children are dressed as nymphs and princesses. On the second day of the event, snake boats is decorated with silken parasol and full of helmsmen, oarsmen and singers assemble near the temple early in the morning. From there, they move on in pairs thereby creating a magnificent spectacle. The proper boat race is held in the afternoon.

WATER SPORTS

There are diversified water sports activities offered by the picturesque Alappuzha beach. One can take up any of the exhilarating water sports such as surfing or para sailing, diving or swimming in the pristine blue sea. Even endeavor a sandcastle on the swampy sands of the golden beaches and indulging in games like playing beach volleyball, football and basketball are all wonderful experiences. Kerala is covered by the rivers, lagoons and lakes in the interiors and surrounded by the sea on the west. These geomorphological features make it an ideal destination for tourists with fascination for the water sports. The water sports are enjoyed for adventure and thrill. While at Kerala, you can enjoy water sports like Canoeing, Catamaran Sailing, Kayaking, Para Sailing, Scuba Diving, Snorkeling and Wind Surfing.

Water sports activities offered by various beach resorts and sports clubs in Kerala include Canoeing, Kayaking and Para Sailing. Each beach of Kerala is completely unique and different from one another because of their dive conditions and marine life. The tourists, because of their natural beauty as well as the water sports activity, haunt these beaches.

Kerala Wildlife Adventure
Kerala, best known for its wildlife, is a must-see reservoir for all visitors to Kerala. This chaste zone is a virtual Elysian field for its entire wildlife habitats. Observation towers are set about in the parks for more fervent of wildlife lovers. The jungles of the Periyar tiger reserve and the mountains of Munnar make the excursion a memory to be cherished.

The Periyar tiger reserve-180 km from Kochi - the commercial capital of Kerala, is a famous wildlife sanctuary with its diverse wildlife habitat. Enjoys the sights of flying squirrels, herds of elephants and of course the majestic tiger along with its immense population of birds.

The Eravikulam National Park - 17 km from Munnar, a home to a mélange of wildlife - the Nilgiri Tahr, Nilgiri Langur, Sambar, Gaur and the lion-tailed Macaque. From Kochi the park can be approached in 4-hour drive.

Other wildlife sanctuaries are - Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary and Wayanand Wildlife Sanctuary - Wayanand rich in their wildlife reserves, worth a visit sight.

TREKKING AND CAMPING

Pure adventure in Munnar and Periyar

If you are not the sun, sand, sea and backwaters type, Kerala has place for you in its mountains and valleys where you can indulge to your heart's content in trekking and camping. The grasslands of the Western Ghats at Munnar and the Periyar Wildlife sanctuary are among the best known destinations for trekking. The Western Ghat mountain ranges border the east of Kerala. For centuries, the thick forests and high mountains have acted as natural barriers for the narrow stretch of land that Kerala is. Naturally, the mountains provide some of the most spectacular trekking routes for those in search of pure adventure.

At Munnar, you can hike up to 7000 ft above sea level and set up your camp there. The spectacular mountain views and the gurgling streams meandering down the mountains will provide you endless hours of enjoyment. On the way, you could chance upon a herd of Asiatic elephants, the endangered Nilgiri Tahr and the Indian Bison in their natural habitats.

Your camp at Periyar will be in a tropical rain forest, amidst exotic flora and fauna. If you are a serious wildlife enthusiast, the trek inside the Periyar reserve would be worth a lifetime of experience. The Periyar Sanctuary and the Tiger Reserve, 180 km from Kochi, is rich in wildlife. Trekkers can get rare glimpses of life in a tropical forest with flying squirrels, herds of elephants or even a tiger keeping them company. In addition, there could be sightings of rare birds like the Malabar Pied Hornbill or the Crested Serpent Eagle or butterflies such as the Malabar Tree Nymph.

The road to Munnar will take on mountainous paths roads through acres of spice-scented caradamom plantations. And at the top, you will experience a world of peace and quiet on the grasslands. A must visit destination is Vagamon, 60 km from Kottayam, and a trekkers paradise. You could plan your camping route to Periyar Tiger Reserve and then through mountain roads to Munnar. Take a trek through the forests and cross the Periyar Lake in bamboo rafts. It is worth a lifetime's experience.

HIKING AND BIKING

Up the hills and through the jungles Hike or mountain bike your way through jungles of the Periyar Sanctuary. In between explore the Periyar lake on a bamboo raft. From Periyar, take to the mountain paths on bicycles to Munnar. Two days of cycling will see you at one of the many tea or cardamom plantations in Munnar. Reaching Munnar: The nearest airport and railway station is Kochi, 130 km away. Munnar can also be reached from a number of Kerala towns. Kottayam is 80 km away from Kochi.

BOAT RACE-ALLEPPEY
The idle place in the world for boat races. Alleppey, also known by its other name 'God's own country' is famous for its amazing boat races, with 30m long snake-shaped boats, and hundreds of participants chanting loudly as they travail at their oars. These boat races are absolute energizer for a wonder-luster. It is reasonably easy to hire a boat or to get an organized tour for a fairy tale cruiser along the backwaters.

HOUSEBOATS- KOLLAM
Situated on the banks of the Ashtamudi Lake, Kollam is known as the center of the cashew industry and its house boat cruiser, another attractions on the backwaters of Kerala.
The area is famous for exotic kettuvalloms (houseboats), boat racing, motorboat and water sport activities. The magnificent houseboats driven by local oarsmen are beautifully equipped with a lavish living room, bedroom with attached bath and a heightened deck for luxuriating in while sighting the panoramic view of the landscape around. The best months to visit the place are June-August.

BEACH VACATIONS
Beaches in Kerala are a natural derivation of ecstasy. The palm fringed Kovalam beaches- 12kms from Thiruvananthapuram, offers a perfect beach holiday for its visitors. Besides, there are also the ravishing beaches of Kappad and Pallikere in Malabar which have the charm of their own.

AYURVEDA IN KERELA
Besides its adventure activities Kerala is also famous for its Ayurveda and stocks a natural treatment to ones ailments. Kerala's pristine atmosphere, lush green forest and the cool pleasant rainy season are best suited for Ayurveda's remedial and curative packages. With having no side effects, Ayurveda is fast emerging as a natural cure for various ailments and has received popularity throughout the world. Kottackal Ayurvaidya Sala is a renowned center of Ayurvedaic treatment worldwide.:

CRUISES IN KERALA:

The backwaters have not changed much since Vasco da Gama visited Kerala centuries ago. The charms he experienced while cruising down the backwater canals continue to woo tourists who come to Kerala seeking peace, quiet and relaxation. continue to has not changed much as you will experience them today.

Begin your journey at Alleppey, the gateway to the inland water system of the state. Cruise through the Punnamada Lake, visit the Chavara Bhavan, an olden wooden house and enjoy the panoramic views of paddy fields, canals coconut lagoons and fisherfolk going about their daily chores. When all that is done, take a trip to the 400-year-old Champakulam church or if you are lucky, cheer the competitors at the 110 feet long snake boat races.

Or, if you are more adventurous, take the Alleppey - Thottappally sector through the Punnamada Lake and on to see the only Buddhist temple in Kerala with the ancient image of Karumadikuttan or Buddha. Then there is the Alleppey - Alumkadavu cruise which takes you again through the Punnamada Lake, the R Block and the C Block - huge patches of paddy field which are lower than the canal on which your boat is - and spend the night at Vattakayal. Next morning visit the Karrumadikuttan temple and rest for the night at Kayyamkulam Pozhy, where you can see the sun set and rise and the Chinese fishing nets in operation. Next day, take a trip through Kayyamkulam Lake and visit Vallicavu Amrithanadhamayi Ashram, the headquarters of the internationally well-known sanyasin Mata Amrithanadhamayi. You could get an opportunity to take a look at how coir is made in the coir village before you end your journey at Alumkadavu, the hub of the houseboat building industry in the state.

The other route for a backwater cruise could begin at Alappuzha with its maze of backwaters, canals and bridges. As you make your way out of Alappuzha through the rice bowl of Kuttanad, you will often find your boat moving on water, the level of which is often higher than that of the green fields on either side. Cruise on to Kochi via the backwaters and you will get an opportunity to see many beautiful sights along the way, such as the Chinese fishing nets, which are believed to have been introduced into Kerala by the traders from Kublai Khan's court.

A beautiful backwater spot accessible from Alappuzha is Kumarakom. Breathtakingly green, the little village seems to be sleeping peacefully by the Vembanad Lake. The lush green of the countryside gently mixes with the swaying coconut palms and blends into the waters. Kumarakom is so enchanting that in the last century an Englishman, Henry Baker, fell in love with the place and built his bungalow there. Today, the elegant and stylish mansion is a tourist complex. Next door to Kumarakom is the well-known 14-acre Kumarakom Bird Sanctuary.

A haven for water ducks, Siberian birds and many more species from half way across the world, the sanctuary is a pleasure to visit in any season. But the best time is winter for it is then that birds come in droves. A golden yellow island, Pathiramanal, is also in Vembanad Lake and must not be missed. From there to Kochi is a short ride but one that will take you to a world of peace and quiet.

You could take another route from Alappuzha to Kollam. Your cruise will take you up the Pampa river to the island hamlet of Champpakkulam, and then on to the Karumadi Canal. Take time off to see the statue of Buddha, which locals believe is a legacy from the time when Buddhist monks came to Kerala to preach their message of peace. Then your Kettuvallam will go past Trikunnapuzha across the Kayamkulam and Ashtamudi Lake to end the journey at the ancient port of Kollam or Quilon.