ORISSA

FAST FACTS  Area             :  1, 55,707 sq km  Population   :  36, 706, 920  Religion         :  Hinduism     (94.66), Others 5.34%)  Languages     :  Oriya, English  Best time to visit        :      October to March  Capital             :  Bhubaneswar

INTRODUCTION:

Orissa is an attractive treasure house of cultures and customs, religions and traditions, languages and literature, art and architecture, scenic beauties and wildlife.

            Orissa lies on the eastern coast along the Bay of Bengal. The state once formed a part of Kalinga kingdom which is best known in ancient history for its brave resistance against the invasion of the Mauryan King Ashoka in the 3^rd century B.C., who ultimately conquered it .That the emperor turned to Buddhism and peace after witnessing the bloodshed in this war is well known. This also formed the turning point in the history of Orissa giving a boost to art and architecture in the ancient kingdom.

            The ancient state rose to prominence as a kingdom under Kharavela, a great conqueror and patron of Jainism, in the second half of the 1^st century B.C. Other great rulers were the kings of the Kesari dynasty and the Eastern Ganga dynasty who were also great builders.

MAJOR DESTINATIONS:

BHUBANESWAR:

Bhubaneswar, capital city of Orissa in India, is very well known for the temples and shrines. The city can also be called as ' Temple Metropolis of India'. The city boasts of more than 500 temples. Although there was a time when the city had more than 7000 temples and shrines. Some of the temples are more than 2000 years old. These temples exemplify the art and architecture of ancient and medieval India. The construction dates back to 3rd century B.C. to 16th century A.D.

.Bhubaneswar has very elegantly combined its rich cultural heritage with the modern aspirations. One can see the mixture of traditions and novelty in the culture of city. Apart from the temples, the city has 2 Museums, one of which hosts world's largest collection of palm -leaf paintings. The city is home to The Regional Plant Resource Centre (RPRC). The unique features of RPRC are its status for housing the largest rose garden in the country (an area of 20 acres) and having the largest collection of cacti (550) in Asia.

Major Tourist Attraction in Bhubaneswar
The Lingaraja temple
The 11th century 'Lingaraja' temple exhibits temple art of several centuries is the largest temple in Bhubaneswar. It represents 'Nagara' style of traditional Orissan temple designing. The walls have beautiful carvings of birds, animals, flowers, men and women, gods and goddesses. Though the Lingaraj is closed to non-Hindus, it can be viewed from the viewing platform constructed alongside.

Mukteswara Temple
The 10th century 'Mukteswara' temple with its famous stone arch at the entrance, is regarded a gem of Orissan architecture on account of its exquisite wall carvings and lavish sculptures. These adornments include celestial beings, armed processions, and amorous figures.The front of temple features a beautiful arched epistyle clearly showing a Buddhist influence. Tales from the Panchatantra, written by the Orissan Pandit, Vishnu Sharma, occupy pride of place here.

Raja Rani Temple
The 11th century 'Raja Rani' temple is an architectural delight. It can be said to be the best example of the traditional Orrisan temple designing. Raja Rani is a 'love temple', covered with demurely erotic carvings of women and couples. Set in picturesque surroundings, the temple is famous for its sculptural embellishments as well as for its unusual design of tower and the absence of a deity. The temple is surrounded by well maintained gardens.

The Parasurameswara Temple

The 7th century Shiva Temple, 'Parasurameswara' temple is a classical example of ancient art of temple designing in India. It is a cluster of about 20 small temples. This temple is the best preserved of all Bhubaneswar's ancient temples. The wall embellishments feature amorous couples, lions, crouching elephants, birds, human figures and floral designs.

Savaranjaleswara temple
The 'Svaranajaleswara' temple is not amongst the most preserved temples, but it has very good and interesting Ramayana depictions. It is situated near Parasurameswara temple.The temple looks very elegant and architecturally cogent. The Temple has an unmistakable tantric influence.

Nandan Kanan
Around 20 Km from Bhubeneswar, Nandan Kanan is the largest lion safari park in the country. It is especially known to shelter rare white tigers. A beautiful picnic spot with a natural lake, it has a botanical and a zoological garden. In winters, one can see migratory birds. Generally the tigers and other animals here are not caged and are provided with a natural environment.

Bhubaneswar also has two very good museums. The Orissa state museum has a rich collection of sculpture, coins, copperplates, stone inscriptions, litho and bronze-age tools, rare palm leaf manuscripts and traditional folk and musical instruments. The other is the handicrafts museum on Secretariat Road, which showcases the lovely tribal culture of Orissa.

 Puri, also known as "Sri Purusottama Dham" is a sacrosanct centre for Hindus all over the globe for the Jagannath temple and is also known for the good stretch of the beautiful white sand beaches on Bay of Bengal. Thousands of pilgrims visit Puri for the Lord Jagannath temple and the annual Rath yatra festival. The beatifying effect of the temples, wide beaches that offer scenic view of sunrise and sunset, traditional fishing farms where the classical old methods of fishing are used by the local fishermen and fabulous resorts and hotels makes it a distinctive tourist destination. Overall the calm and cool nature of the locals here makes Puri a peaceful getaway.

Major Tourist Attractions in Puri
The Jagannath Temple

The majestic temple of Jagannath is a major attraction for the tourists visiting Puri. The Jagannath Temple is one of the four most important Hindu pilgrimage sites or the Char Dham, along with Dwarka, Badrinath and Rameshwaram. This 65-meter high structure was built in 12th century and stands in the Nilgiri Hills. The Nata Mandir and the Bhoga Mandir were built in the 14th and 15th century. The meals in temple are made out of the donated raw materials only. Non-Hindus cannot enter the Jagannatha temple. This is strictly enforced.

Gundicha Ghar
The Gundicha temple is another important site to visit in Puri. This temple is said to be the home of Lord Krishna's aunt 'Gundicha'. A myth goes that the Lord stays here for 9 days during the Rath yatra in Puri. During the Rath Yatra, Lord Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra are ceremoniously taken in lavishly designed wooden chariot (Rath) from the Jagannath temple to Gundicha Ghar. At the house, the aunt welcomes them by offering them the padoapitha (rice cakes).

Temple of Child Krishna at Indradyumna Tank
The Indradyumna Tank, famous for being related to Lord Krishna, has a small shrine dedicated to King Indradyumna of Orissa. There is a temple of Child Krishna nearby too. It is one of the five sacred lakes of Puri and is situated on the north western part of the Gundicha temple.

Chilika Lake
Asia's largest freshwater lake (spread in 1100 sq km area) is situated 50 kilometers from Puri. Dotted with many emerald green islands with colorful names such as 'honeymoon islands' and 'Breakfast Island', Chilika is home to a rich variety of aquatic fauna. The thrilling sight of dolphins round the year and abundance of migratory birds in winter make it an ideal place for vacations.

Konark
Situated 35 km from Puri, Konark is home to the Sun Temple, also called the Black Pagoda. Konark is a must visit for its historical and architectural importance. The Konark beach is said to be one of the finest and most romantic beaches on the eastern coast            

The Legend

Legend has it that the temple was constructed by Samba, the son of Lord Krishna, in honor of Sun God. Konark used to be a commercial centre of Kalinga. The present Sun Temple was built by King Narashimhadev I (AD 1238-64) of the Ganga dynasty. The temple was desecrated by an envoy of the emperor Jahangir in 17th century.

The Architecture
The entire temple has been designed in the form of a gigantic chariot of the Sun God, taking him across the heaven. It has 24 wheels, each about 10 feet in diameter, with a set of spokes and exquisite carvings. Seven horses drag the chariot. Two lions guard the entrance. The temple has faultless proportions of the dimensions and is amongst the best temples in India. The Sun temple belongs to the Kalinga School of Indian Temples. In shape, the temple didn't differ majorly from other temples of Orissa. The main sanctum (229 ft. high) got constructed along with the audience hall (128 ft. high). The main sanctum which enshrined the presiding deity has fallen off. The Audience Hall has though survived in its entirely, but other two- the Nata Mandir (Dancing Hall) and the Bhoga Mandap (Dining Hall) have been destroyed very much by the temper of time. The Temple compound measures 857 ft. by 540 ft. The Temple aligns on the east-west direction. The temple is located in natural surroundings, abounding with casuarina plantations and other types of trees, which grow on sandy soil.

Tourist Information
The Sun temple has been declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO.

 Other Attractions near the Sun Temple (Konark)
Mayadevi Temple
Near the temple are the remains of the Mayadevi temple. The temple was thought to be dedicated to one of the Surya's wives but now is believed to be the older Sun temple.

Archaeological Museum
One can also visit the Archaeological Museum, which is just outside the Sun Temple to witness many sculptures and carvings found during the temple excavations.

Konark Beach
For a change, 3 kilometres away from the temple is the Konark beach. Hire a bicycle or cycle-rickshaw to reach the beach and walk along the beach.

UDAIGIRI AND KHANDGIRI

The twin hills of Kumargiri are known as Khandagiri and Udaygiri. The ancient caves of Udaigiri and Khandgiri are considered consecrate as this was the place where Lord Mahavira addressed the people of the area. On these hills are archaeologically significant 113 caves, which are nearly 2300 years old. These rock-cut caves were built for the Jain monks around 1st - 2nd century B.C. The Khandgiri hill is about 40 meters high and the Udaygiri hill is about 35 meters high. At the apex of Khandagiri hill stands the 19th century "Parsvanath" temple. An idol of Bhagawan Adishvar in the Padmasana posture is the main attraction of this temple. The thirteen years litho record of King Kharavela engraved in Hati Gumpha near Udaigiri is a magnificent specimen of Pali records so far found in India.

Major Tourist Attractions in Udaigiri & Khandgiri
Khandgiri Cave Sculptures

The caves on the Khandagiri, can be reached either by the walking from the road, or cutting directly across from Hathi Gumpha via steps that drop down from cave 17. The latter route brings you out at caves 1 and 2, known as the "Parrot Caves" for the carvings of birds on their doorway-arches. Cave 2, excavated in the first century BC, is the larger and more interesting. One can find some faint lines in Brahmini script in one of the caves, which are supposed to be 2000 years old. The Ananta Gumpha or Snake Cave has a decoration in the shape of a serpent at the entrance. It contains the best of the sculpture on Khandagiri hill. The best place to wind up a visit to Khandagiri is the modern Jain Temple at the top of the hill. Apart from some old Tirthankars in the shrine room, the building itself was erected during the 19th century on the site of a much earlier structure.

Udaigiri Cave Sculptures
Udaigiri caves occupy a fairly compact area around the south of the hill. Cave 1, the Queen's Cave, is tucked away around the corner. The best
sculpture can be seen on the pillars, arches and to the rear of the courtyard, and across the back wall of the upper storey. A long frieze
shows rampaging elephants, panicking monkeys, sword fights and the abduction of a women. These carvings are thought to illustrate the life of
Kalinga's King Kharavela. Other interesting caves are numbers 3 and 4 - a double-storied cave containing sculptures of a lion holding its prey,
elephants with snakes wrapped around them and pillars topped by pairs of peculiar winged animals. The Ganesh Gumpha, has an appearance of the elephant-headed Ganesh on the rear wall of the cell. The ledge at the very top of Udaigiri hill is considered the main place of worship for the Jain monks.

Dev sabha
It is an area where thousands of relics are scattered. There is also an ancient tank which is said to have water called Akash Ganga (Ganga from the heavens).

GOPALPUR-ON-SEA

Gopalpur-on-sea, also termed as 'best beach resort in Orissa’ by the visitors, is a lovely laid-back village on sea-shore, carrying an altogether different attitude from the temple towns of Orissa. Gopalpur got its name from an 18th century temple dedicated to Krishna (Gopala). Once a prominent trading sea-port, during the British Raj, Gopalpur has transformed into a quiet and relaxed place. The crumbling walls and pillars of the harbor are a witness to its past glory of commercial activity. It has been growing into one of India’s prettiest beach resorts.

Take a break from your routine activity and enjoy a lazy though lovely holiday at Gopalpur-at-sea. The beach is spread for miles and covered with coconut groves, casuarina trees and sand dunes. Gopalpur-on-sea is a perfect place for your beach-holiday. Watch the blue waters and high waves, sleepy lagoons and tiny creeks. Its a place where you can goof off on the sand or stroll down the beach and gorge on seafood. Climb up the ancient lighthouse or take a yatch in the midst of the sea-waves. Seafood of Gopalpur is the best thing you can enjoy, besides the golden beach.

Major Tourist Attractions near Gopalpur-on-sea
Taptapani
Situated 67 km away, Taptapani has hot water springs and is a wonderful place to soak away your aches and pains.

Dhavaleswar
Situated 15 km away, Dhavaleshwar is known for its widespread golden beach and a sand bleached Lord Shiva Temple.

Beach Activities
How about yatching? Get a yatch from the old sea-port and go in the sea to tackle the sea-waves. Move to the old lighthouse and climb it up. Watch the lovely scene of the bay from the top of the building. Or just wander around the seashore, watching the blue water, high waves and the sea lagoons

Tourists Attractions

Gopalpur is a bewitching seaside resort and there can be no better option than to enjoy the sun, sea, and sand. Walk around the beach, collect shells and first-sized peal-white conch, and remember all the beautiful moments of your life. One may not be able to do it again.

Places around Gopalpur

Chilka Lake is situated at a distance of 45 km from Gopalpur. Spreading over an area of 1100 sq km, this is the largest brackish water lake in the country and attracts large number of migratory birds.

Taptapani (hot water), as the name suggests, is a hot water sulfur spring situated around 67 km from Gopalpur.

WHAT TO DO

Gopalpur on sea is a miniature seaside haven where boating, yachting, and a seaside run invite visitors to share the expanse and have fun.

CHANDIPUR BEACH
The Chandipur beach, located 16 Km from Balasore, is a tourist's delight. The beach is one of the best beaches on the eastern coastal line of India. The beach offers magnificent views of the beautiful seascapes. The beach has casuarina trees and the gleaming waters of this seaside resort has made Chandipur a favoured destination of the beach lovers. A very unique feature of the Chandipur beach is that twice a day the sea-water recedes from the shore around 5-km away, giving water revellers an ultimate pleasure of walking onto the golden sands of the beach. For a change one can always hitch a ride with the local fishermen's boats to the mouth of the river Budhabalanga or take a jeep-ride, along the beach, when the waters recede far away. Chandipur is a beach-comber's delight with its abundant sea-shells and driftwood. The scene of sea vanishing and coming back rhythmically at regular intervals, as if playing hide and seek, adds to the unforgettable experience of the visitors.
Major Tourist Attractions near Chandipur
Remuna
Famous for Khirachora Gopinath Temple, Remuna is situated at a distance of 8 km from Balasore.
Panchalingeswar
Around 40 Km away from Balasore, situated on the mountain Nilgiri is the famous Panchalingeswar Temple. The main attraction of the place is the five Lingas, called the Panchalingeswar, having spring flowing over them.
Chandaneswara
It is situated at distance of 88 km from Balasore. This religious center has the famous temple of Lord Chandaneswar.
Beach Activities
One can explore the beach on feet or on a Jeep, while the water has receded away down by 5 kms. Its a pleasure to watch the tidal effects on the sea, while walking on the golden sands along the beach. Also one can take a boat ride with the local fishermen to explore the sea and move to the end of river Budhabalanga, where it falls into the sea.

 WILDLIFE:

 Nandan Kanan National Park

Location: 20 Km away from Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Orissa, India.
Major Wildlife Attractions: White tigers, Asiatic Lion, Gharial crocodiles, Lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, Indian pangolin, Mouse deer etc.
Attractions in the Park: Tiger Safari, Botanical Garden, Chandaka Wildlife Sanctuary, Lake Kanjia, Aquarium.
Nearby Tourist Destinations: Bhubaneswar, Khandgiri, Dhauligiri, Puri and Konark.
When to Visit: Throughout the year, but October to March is the best time.
Entry Fee: Indians- Rs.10/-, Foreigners- Rs.40/-(from SAARC countries) & Rs.100/- (others)

About Nandan Kanan National Park
Nandan Kanan National Park is situated 20 Km from Bhubaneswar, capital city of Orissa, India. The name Nandan Kanan means 'Garden of Pleasure', which gets justified when one enters the park. Along the banks of lake Kanjia and amidst natural forest, is located one of India’s largest Tiger-safari, along with a reptile park, a botanical garden and a nocturnal animal park. The park has an interesting history that the idea of the park was given by National Geographic magazine. It happened so that a wild female tiger came to the zoo, found a tiger enclosure, and stayed there. it was unique in the way that no animal wants to stay in a fenced zoo. National Geography pointed out that there should be constructed a sophisticated zoo for tigers and Nandan Kanan came into existence. Currently Nandan Kanan has over 34 white tigers.

Wildlife Attractions in Nandan Kanan National Park
The Flora
The park is situated in the Chandaka forests. The lush green zoological park is spread in about 4 sq.km. of area, while the wildlife sanctuary is spread in around 5 sq.km.

The Fauna
The park is home to more than 75 species of mammals and reptiles. This include the rare White Tigers, Asiatic Lion, Indian Crocodiles, Lion-tailed macaque, Nilgiri Langur, Indian Pangolin, Mouse deer, Himalayan Black bear, Rhesus Macaque, Black buck.

There is a separate Reptile-park in the zoo, which is dedicated to conservation of reptiles. A botanical garden is also in the compound of the zoo.

The Avifauna
Around 75 species of birds can be found in this park. There is an aviary for the aquatic birds as well. Some of the rare species of birds are here, like, White Peacock, Open billed stork, Blue & Yellow Macaw, Green winged Macaw etc.

The Park Trip
One can visit the park using the bus service provided by the zoo authorities. There’s also a lake where a boat ride can be enjoyed.

 Simlipal Wildlife Sanctuary

Location: The sanctuary is located in Mayurbhaj District of Orrisa, 320 Km from Bhubaneswar.
Major wildlife Attractions: Elephants, Deer, Leopards, Gaur Bison, Sloth Bears, Reptiles, Crocodiles and more than 200 species of bird life.
Attractions in the Park: Mangesheri mountain range, Barehipani waterfall, Joranda waterfall, Newana, Barheipani etc.
Nearby tourist destinations: Bhubaneswar, Kolkata, Puri, Konark.
When to Visit: The sanctuary is open from November to 15th June. For rest of the year, the park is closed for visitors.
Entry Fee: Indians- Rs 5/-, Foreigners- Rs.100/-.; one has to obtain permission from the "Field Director, Simlipal Tiger Project, Baripada", 10 days in advance.

About Simlipal Wildlife Sanctuary
One of the 18 tiger reserves of India, Simlipal is situated in the district of Mayurbhanj, Orrisa, spanning across an area of 2,750 sq. km and covered with lush grassland and Sal forests. Once a hunting place for the Kings of Mayurbhanj, Simlipal got established as a tiger reserve in 1956 and became a part of the Project Tiger Scheme in 1972, followed by its attainment of the status of a 'National Park' in 1979. Currently there are around 95 tigers in the sanctuary. The ecosystem of Simlipal falls under Mahanadi-biogeographic region. The sanctuary is home to twelve rivers and countless waterfalls. Going deep into Simlipal one can some across the spotted deer, listen to the cries of Cheetahs and the barking of the Muntjacs or watch the Sauthali women searching for bark and twigs for firewood. Simlipal is also home to more than 87 varieties of orchids. Orchids of the most exotic varieties bloom here.

Wildlife Attractions in Simlipal Wildlife Sanctuary
The Fauna
Among the 42 species of major mammals and 30 species of reptiles recorded so far in the reserve are Tigers, Panthers, Elephants, Gaurs, Four horned Antelopes etc. Ratel, Pangolin, Giant squirrel, sambar and Cheetal are among the other few worth mentioning. The sanctuary can boast of around 95 tigers and the rare Mugger Crocodiles.

The Flora
The Simlipal national park consists of the Sal forests, which are predominantly tropical moist deciduous forests. The forests are a treasure as it houses 501 species of plants belonging to 102 families. There are around 87 species of orchids identified. The forest has innumerable medicinal and aromatic plants, which act as a source of income for the tribals.

The Avifauna
There are around 230 bird species here. Some of the rare ones include Red Jungle Fowl, Alexandrine Parakeet, Crested Serpent Eagle, Grey Hornbill, Indian Trogon Hill Mynah, Peafowl, etc.

The Park Trip
One can see the sanctuary on there own 4-wheeler or on any vehicle provided by the forest authorities.

HERITAGE:

Orissa Heritage

Orissa has some of the most beautiful ancient buildings and temples. Some of the constructions date back to the 3rd century BC. Visit Orissa to see the 2300 yrs old Udaigiri-Khandgiri caves, the 11th century Sun temple, the 7th century Lingaraja temple or the 12th century Jagannath temple. Though most of the ancient buildings got destroyed by the vagaries of time, some of them still stand tall and retain the old charm. The Sun temple at Konark has been declared as world heritage site by UNESCO

Udaigiri and Khandgiri Information

Location: Located 10 Km west to Bhubaneswar, Orrisa.
Tourist Attractions: The ancient caves of Udaigiri-Khandgiri.
Nearest Tourist Destinations: Bhubaneswar, Konark, Puri.
When to Visit: October to April (Pleasant climatic conditions).

About Udaigiri and Khandgiri Caves
The twin hills of Kumargiri are known as Khandagiri and Udaygiri. The ancient caves of Udaigiri and Khandgiri are considered consecrate as this was the place where Lord Mahavira addressed the people of the area. On these hills are archaeologically significant 113 caves, which are nearly 2300 years old. These rock-cut caves were built for the Jain monks around 1st - 2nd century B.C. The Khandgiri hill is about 40 meters high and the Udaygiri hill is about 35 meters high. At the apex of Khandagiri hill stands the 19th century "Parsvanath" temple. An idol of Bhagawan Adishvar in the Padmasana posture is the main attraction of this temple. The thirteen years lithic record of King Kharavela engraved in Hati Gumpha near Udaigiri is a magnificent specimen of Pali records so far found in India.

UNIQUE FESTIVALS OF THE STATE:

RATH YATRA (CHARIOT FESTIVAL):

Each year, (open to all) in  mid-summer, the proxy images of Jagannath, Balabhadra and Subhadra, the deities enshrined in the Jagannath Temple at Puri, are carried in colourful processions every evening for 21 days to the Narendra Tank where they cruise in a bright decorated boat. In gaiety and colour this festival stands next only to the Car Festival. On the full moon day of Jyestha (June), the Snanajatra or the bathing festival is observed when the images in worship are actually brought out for public viewing. After the bathing festival, the deities spend 15 days in seclusion during which period they are repainted and prepared for the Car Festival. The Car Festival is celebrated on the second day of the bright fortnight of Ashadha (June-July) and the deities are taken on a journey of around 3 kms in stupendous and decorated chariots for sojourn in the Gundicha Ghar till the return Car Festival which is held 9 days later

 The chariot of Lord Jagannath, known as 'Nandighose' is 23 cubits high and has 18 wheels. The chariot of Balabhadra which is 22 cubits in height and has 16 wheels is named 'Taladwaja'. 'Devadalan', the chariot of Subhadra is 21 cubits in height and has 14 wheels. The chariots are constructed anew every year in accordance with strict and ancient specifications and are pulled by several thousand devotees at a time. In terms of splendor and fervent devotion, the Car Festival is one of the world's most incredible spectacles.

The concept of temple procession, of which the Rath Yatra is probably the most famous illustration, is an important one in Hinduism. The term ratha (chariot) is itself often used as a word meaning 'temple', as both the palace and the vehicle of the God. The chariots in which the images of the deities in the Jagannath temple are pulled through the streets actually resemble moveable temples. In fact, these are designed keeping in view the features of the Bhaskaresvara Temple in Bhubaneswar which resembles a chariot. The relation between temple and chariot form is fascinating. Some scholars feel that the temple form may have developed, in part, from early wooden processional carts. And in Orissa, of course, we have the supreme example of influence in the other direction: the Konark Sun Temple, clearly and beautifully replicating a huge chariot.

When the Rath Yatra (Chariot Festival) was first observed by European spectators in the eighteenth century, the stunned reports they sent home gave rise to the European term 'juggernaut' (corrupted from Jagannath). The occasional accidental fall of a devotee in front of a rolling chariot gave rise to the grossly erroneous misperception of humans sacrificing themselves under the wheels. The misperceptions have long been cleared, but the festival remains one of the most amazing and exhilarating events most of us are ever likely to witness.

Because the divine images of the Puri temple are wooden, they must be periodically replaced. On a cycle determined by the Hindu calendar, and generally once in 12 years, the deities cast off their old frames and assume new ones. The process of renewal of the body known as Nava Kalebara (literally 'new embodiment'), is one of the great secrets of the world. Performed by distinguished temple priests, each of whom knows only his own part of the ritual, the process includes selection and felling of the tree, carving and painting of the new images, and transferal of the divine essence from the old to the new frame. The latter critical activity reaches its culmination when an unknown 'divine substance' is transferred from the chest cavity of the old image to that of the new. This final, crucial step is performed in the dead of night by a senior priest, working with eyes blindfolded and hands covered with cloth.

Puri Beach Festival

The Puri Beach Festival is an out and out fun lovers fest. Conducted by the Hotel and Restaurant Association of Orissa (HRAO), the festival is a celebration of Orissa, in all its beauty, charm and fun-loving spirit. With events ranging from Fashion shows to rock shows, the Puri Beach festival delights visitors and locals alike. Held on the beautiful beach at Puri, it offers a unique opportunity for visitors to interact with the local populace and enjoy the many splendoured charms of Orissa.

The Puri Beach Festival is co-sponsored by the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India, the Department of Tourism, Government of Orissa, Development Commissioner of Handicrafts and the Eastern Zonal Cultural Center, Calcutta.

Kalinga Mahotsava:

A national festival of Martial Dances

February 13-14, 2003 6.30 p.m at Dhauli Stupa Bhubaneswar

261 BC, the over ambitious Emperor Ashok invaded Kalinga and unleashed a bloody battle around Dhauli. The brave soldiers of the soil confronted the Magadhan army with unprecedented courage and patriotism. The war continued. One and half lakh were taken captive, one lakh were slain and as many as that number succumbed to the aftereffects. The war ended. Emperor Ashoka smiled and then laughed a hearty laugh, for he had won the war. But what came next was beyond his imagination. He found heaps of the dead, heard the wailing of the wounded and saw the tears rolling down the cheeks of those who suffered. The terrible massacre made him remorseful. He was gripped by a sense of guilt. He wished, he had not waged the war. He had conquered the territory but lost his way to come out of the agony. His victory echoed defeat from within. He became restless.

At this juncture, appeared Upagupta, the Buddhist Monk and showed him the path of peace and non- violence. His face radiated with glow. His eyes brightened. Compassion permeated in him. He was rejuvenated with the Buddha's Vani. 

He realised the essence of conquest by Dharma in preference to the conquest by Force. He surrendered the sword and embraced Buddhism. History took a U-turn as he renounced the war for good. Kalinga showed the way from War to Peace like the lotus blooming from the mud. The message of peace and non-violence spread beyond the frontiers of India. Thus began a new era of art and education, peace and pilgrimage. 

To carry the message to the masses, he erected a set of rock edicts of which one is at Dhauli. He pronounced his reverence to all sects and tolerance to all practices. The earliest rock cut sculpture of India, the forepart of an elephant, was hewn out of live rock above the inscription. Dhauli came to be recognised as an important centre of Buddhist Heritage. There was also a Buddhist Monastery named Arghyaka Varatika existing here in 9th century AD.

In 1972 the Kalinga Nippon Buddha Sangha built a Peace Pagoda, popularly known as Viswa Santi Stupa. Dhauli continued to be a living shrine of Buddhism in modern Orissa as well. The Dhabaleswar Siva Temple renovated in the same year in close proximity reaffirmed the sacredness of the site.

On the outskirts of modern Bhubaneswar Dhauli emerges from the placid green countryside amidst a tranquil setting of paddy fields. The river Daya flows through little villages. A black topped road meanders from the high way to the Santi Stupa. Driving through the serpentine road smelling cheery odour of the cashew plantations is a pleasure. The hilltop provides a panoramic view of the Temple City of Bhubaneswar. The chanting of Buddhist hymns on one side and the Saiva stotra on- the other purifies every soul.

As a fitting tribute to the memorial of Dhauli and to commemorate the victory of Peace over War, a National Festival of Martial Dances is organised on 1st & 2nd February 2003. With the Viswa Shanti Stupa at the backdrop, eminent Dancers of India will harmonize the vigour of martial art with the peaceable sublimity of dance tradition through scintillating performances representing Chhow and Paika from Orissa , Thang Ta from Manipur and Kalaripayattu from Kerala.

KONARK FESTIVAL:

A festival of classical dance forms performed by the celebrated danseurs of the country on the Open Air Auditorium with the Sun Temple, a World Heritage Monument, at the backdrop, is organised annually at Konark. During the festival evenings the atmosphere is surcharged with rhythmic dancing beats and melodious tunes accompanied by the surging waves of the lonely sea.

WILDLIFE SANCTUARIES

 Ambapani
Located 77 kms from Bhawanipatna and 45 kms from Nowrangpur, Ambapani is famous for the   deity of Budharaja installed in a small temple at the foot of a hill. The picturesque Ambapani hills present a panoramic view of nature. A frolicking valley called Haladigundi in this range of hills  exhibits some peculiar features due to the reflected rays of the sun. The whole area abounds in Spotted Deer, Sambar and Black Panthers which can be seen at the Behera reservoir. 5 kms away are the pre-historic cave paintings at Gudahandi. 

Badarama
Badarama sanctuary also popularly known as Usakothi, located in the district of Sambalpur, 48 km. from Sambalpur on the NH-6 under Bamra Forest Division. Its prominent and attractive location in western Orissa with hilly undulating areas and rich dry deciduous mixed forests and wide variety of fauna including tiger, leopard, elephant, hyena, wildboar, spotted deer, sambar, bear, porcupine and a number of birds, reptiles etc. make it very beautiful. 

Balukhand
This sanctuary is situated at convenient location along sea coast between Puri and Konark. The flora of the area includes casuarina, anacardium, neem, tamarind, karanja, etc. The prominent fauna include blackbuck, spotted deer, monkey, squirrel, jungle cat, hyena, jackal, mongoose and variety of birds and reptiles. Puri is located just 3 km. from entry point of the sanctuary and the Puri - Konark marine drive passes through it. 

Baisipalli
Adjacent to Satkosia gorge and located in the Nayagarh district, the Baisipalli wildlife sanctuary is having similar and contiguous habitat features as the Satkosia gorge sanctuary. The panoramic view of the Satkosia gorge along with the forests in most scenic. 

Belghar
158 kms from Phulbani are the thick tropical forests of Belghar. The dense vegetation of the area is a host to a variety of flora and fauna. Wild elephants abound in this area which is inhabited mainly by tribal peoples. 

Bhitar Kanika

Widely acclaimed for its biodiversity in flora and fauna, it is the second largest compact mangrove ecosystem in India. It is also a Sanctuary and National Park. Extending over more than six hundred square kilometres, it is one of the very few evergreen repository of most luxuriant mangrove vegetation in the world. More than sixty varieties of mangrove plants are found here which provide home to a variety of rare and endangered species. The pneumatophores, better known as breathing roots, stand like sentries of the land.  The world of nature is full of wonders sometimes tender, sometimes awe inspiring but all the time exciting. Some of them defy description and transcend perception. Such a land of rare and unmatched beauty is Bhitarkanika - a wonder in the wild.

Widely acclaimed for its biodiversity in flora and fauna, it is the second largest compact mangrove ecosystem in India. It is also a Sanctuary and National Park. Extending over more than six hundred square kilometres, it is one of the very few evergreen repository of most luxuriant mangrove vegetation in the world. More than sixty varieties of mangrove plants are found here which provide home to a variety of rare and endangered species. The pneumatophores, better known as breathing roots, stand like sentries of the land.

Bounded by rivers on the three sides and the sea on the fourth, Bhitarkanika is criss crossed by numerous creeks and canals which finally meet the sea and make the estuarine delta, the playground of the Bay of Bengal. When the tide enters, the forest floats and the water kisses the foliage. As it recedes, the multi layer mud flats on the banks of the creeks expose their bosom with fiddler crabs, mud skipper fish, little reptiles and the like. it's a sight to watch. 

This deltaic region comprises a couple of tiny islands formed by the meandering creeks. With Dangmal at the centre stage (the others being Ekakula, Habalikhati etc), Bhitarakanika is a natural habitat of a lot of wild creatures like Crocodiles, King Cobra, Pythons, Wild Pigs, Rhesus Monkey, Sambars, Spotted Deer etc. There. is a Crocodile Breeding Farm at Dangmal. The pride possession of this Farm is the White Crocodile Sankhua, a rare species in the World. 

Over 170 species of resident and migratory birds of different hue enhance the beauty of the wild. Prominent among them are King Fisher, Open billed Storks, Sea Eagles, Kites, Sand Pipers, Darters, Whistling Teals, Sea Gulls, etc. The chirping of birds nesting at Baga Gahana is sure to leave an indelible impression in any body's mind. Watching the wildlife in their natural habitat while cruising through the creeks is a thrilling experience. A trek on the laid out routes will also be equally rewarding. 

Another amazing phenomenon of nature here is the visit of Olive Ridley Sea Turtles to Gahirmatha in lakhs twice every year between January and March to lay eggs en masse.  An unexpected additional attraction is the remains of the 9th century monument - a temple dedicated to the worship of Lord Shiva and the other, a Shakti Shrine at Dangmal.  Away from the blinding lights and deafening sound, Bhitarakanika is a different world altogether, a real retreat in the lap of nature. Once in here, the world outside will virtually disappear. Back in work place, the memory will haunt like a fairy tale. 

 Chandaka
The fascinating dense Chandaka forest, just a few kilometers from Bhubaneswar, is the only one of its kind, and is perfect for eco-tourism. As the elephants generally venture out at night, a long evening within the reserve, on one of the watch towers built by the Forest Department close to the water-holes, is a thrilling experience and one gets the feeling that one is millions of miles away from civilization. These majestic animals have made the Chandaka Forest their home, and can be seen quite frequently. They are however completely wild, and on occasion be dangerous. In addition to elephants, the Reserve boasts of cheetal, bears, pea-fowl, sambhar, and various other species. The Forest officials have also spotted pug marks of cheetahs within the forest.

Nestled on Khurdha uplands of' North -Eastern Ghats' biotic region, Chandaka forest is a relic of wild land that once extended all over Bhubaneswar. Spread over 193.39 sq.km of rolling table land and small sprawling hillocks of Khurdha and Cuttack Districts, it is a wildlife sanctuary since August 1982. The sanctuary, literally abutting on the capital city of Orissa, is the pachyderm country. Originally established to provide inviolate refuge for elephants with a view to minimize their depredation, the sanctuary is now a treasure trove of biodiversity. It is now a popular destination for solitude seekers, hunt for eco-tourists, laboratory for researchers and temple of learning for all.

SCULPTURE IN GREEN 
Symphony of Nature 
Rigid protection and conservation management for two decades; sculpture in green was taking shape. Symphony of nature has manifested with the revival of forest ecosystem and habitat niche. Vegetation, which was rendered bushy due to over exploitation has gained height beyond recognition. Reappearance of Sal, Bamboo, Maha limbo, Canes and a great array of plant life including medicinal plants bear testimony to the recuperating energy of nature. This small but beautiful sanctuary has forest types well distributed in a mosaic of habitat sheltering variety of tropical Indian jungle fauna. The return of the leopard in 1991, which seemed extinct for long, further reaffirms the revival of bio-diversity. The home of the elephant, the lord of the jungle and that of lesser wild animals has thus been saved.

FLORA 
Floral diversity is distributed in 6 types, viz., secondary moist miscellaneous semi- evergreen forests, moist Kangada (Xylia xylocarpa) forests, Coastal Sal forests, thorny bamboo brakes (Bambusa bambos), planted Teak and Eupatorium scrub. Main tree species are Kochila, Kalicha, Belo, Kangada, Giringa, Sunari, Sal, Kumbhi, Jamu, Karanja, Teak and Sidha. Male bamboo (Dendrocalamus strictus) has a very restricted distribution. Common medicinal plants of the sanctuary are Duramari, Baidanka, Brudhadaraka, Bhuinlimbo, Guluchi lata, Salparni, Satabari, Bhuin-kakharu, Indrajaba, Thalkudi, Apamaranga, Kurchi, Patalgaruda etc. A few species of ground Orchids, Ferns, Club mosses, Bryophytes and Lichens are distributed in shady wet pockets and rock escarpments.

FAUNA 

Elephant is the flagship species and indicative of the potential productivity of the habitat. Leopard is in the apex of biological pyramid. Chital, Barking deer, Mouse deer, Wild pig, Common langur, Rhesus monkey, small Indian civet, Common Indian mongoose, Small Indian mongoose, Ruddy mongoose, Pangolin, Sloth bear, Ratel, Indian wolf and Hyena are other mammals of the area. Wild dogs are occasionally seen. Prominent birds of the sanctuary are Peafowl, Red jungle fowl, Crested serpent eagle, Great horned owl, Black headed oriole, Paradise fly catcher and stone curlew. Among reptiles, Rock python and Bengal Monitor lizard are quite common. Chameleon, Common skink, Indian flap shell turtle, Russel's viper, Bamboo pit viper, Common krait, Common vine snake, Kukri snake, Indian bronze back are indicative reptiles. Mugger crocodiles have remarkably adapted to large water bodies after their release.

Chital or spotted deer, the most beautiful of all deer is commonly encountered in groups of 3-7 on forest roads, forest openings, grass lands, foreshore of water bodies and even near guard camps. Godibari, Kochilaberana, Ambokhali, Saunsha-berana, Mahuriabadi, Kumarkhunti, Jhalara, Ambilo and Saurabiula are places of good sighting success. 

The ‘Gayal’ or Indian Bison has been lost since long. Kheluachua, the mud wallow of playful Sambars exists but the Sambar is gone. The last tigress of the forest 'Kanan' embraced captivity in search of a mate at Nandankanan in 1968. This is history. The presence of Leopard - the prince of cats, which has staged a come back and filled the vacant niche left by tiger, can be known from pug-marks. Look for it on the edge of water or on pug impression-pads (P.I.P) across roads. Expect the leopard at Kheluachua, Gadanbhanga, Ambilo, Chhatiani and Bualigarh. You may find one if lucky. 

Elephants are always on the move feeding. Look for their feeding signs i.e., leftovers of twigs, pulled bamboo culms, uprooted saplings, debarked trees. Food plants of elephants include Bamboo, Moi, Ghonto, Dhobani, Siris, Mahul, Dhaman, Beta and Lajkuli(leaves and growing shoots), Kapasia, Panikodal, Kumbhi, Dhaman, Ghodalanjia(Bark), Kanchan, Gohira, Ambo and Bela (fruits). Fresh foot-prints and dung bolus also indicate their presence. Expect them at water-holes in hot summer afternoons and evenings. You may be lucky to see a tusker or even a family unit. 

BIRDS  

The Plunged wonders, the bird life of the sanctuary is no less significant. Kumarkhunti reservoir, in winter, serve as transient roosting and feeding ground for several migratory duck species, notably, Garganey and common Teal, Pintail, spot billed and bramhny Duck and white eyed Pochard. Lesser whistling Teal, Dabehick, Cotton Teal, Nakta, lesser Cormorant, bronze winged Jacana, white breasted Waterhen, pied, white breasted and little blue King fishers and red wattled Lapwings are other resident birds around.  Come July, and the surrounding brakes of the reservoir transform in to a heronry of water birds, mainly, open billed Storks, pond Heron, Egrets and Cormorants.

BUTTERFLIES 
The winged beauties 

They are most beautiful of all insects and are found in mind boggling variety. Most of them are abundant during moonson and post moonson months within a height of 3 meters from ground. Look for them in forest openings, road sides, flowers, grasses, edges of water, wet mud, bird and animal droppings or food plants either feeding or basking. Common ones here are common Mormon, blue Mormon, common Emigrant, common Leopard, common Hedge Blue, Indian Crow, double banded Crow, common Sailer, common Bush brown, grey Pansy and peacock Pansy.

WATCH TOWERS 
Viewing animals unnoticed 
While Kochilaberana, Pitagadia and Charichhak watch towers are excellent for observation of birds and animals, the ones at Kumarkhunti and Amblio have the comfort of rest houses where one can make a night halt and have a date with wild animals and birds without disturbing them. 

FOREST DEPENDENT PEOP 
The Kabaries 
The Kabaries, claiming ancestry with Jarasabar (sawar) the first worshiper of 'Lord Jagannath' in shape of Brahma(Wooden idol) are unskilled tribals. There are 455 families residing in the enclosed Gadjit village. There are many Kabari villages in the periphery of the sanctuary. They practise subsistent and marginal agriculture. Many of them earn a livelihood by collection and sale of firewood, bamboos and charcoal. A good deal of them is excellent animal trackers and herbal healers. 

ALL FOR ONE 
One for all 
Bewildering variety of plants and animals exist in a state of harmony with intricate system of energy flow and dependencies - few known but lot unknown. We being part of nature and not apart from it, our very existence is dependent on unhindered functioning of the system. Diversity is the key stone of stability in the ecosystem and a measure of conservation success. Look for the connection between two life forms. 

 Chilika
Just south of Puri, the sea mixes in with the 1100 sq.km inland Chilika Lake to create the largest brackish water lake in Asia. These shallow waters enclose an immense area of marshes, lowlands, and islands. There are more than 160 varieties of fish, and, in the winter season (from November through March), the area is home to hundreds of thousands of migratory birds as well.

Just south of Puri, the sea mixes in with the 1100 sq.km inland Chilika Lake to create the largest brackish water lake in Asia. These shallow waters enclose an immense area of marshes, lowlands, and islands. There are more than 160 varieties of fish, and, in the winter season (from November through March), the area is home to hundreds of thousands of migratory birds as well.

 The surrounding hills and sandy stretches abound in cheetals, blackbucks, monkeys, fishing cats, mongoose, and porcupines. At the channel meeting the sea, dolphins can be seen cavorting playfully. Snakes, turtles and lizards inhabit the surrounding beach area and wooded undergrowth.

A number of islands dot the expanse of the lake. Nalbana Island, because of its varied flora and fauna, forms the core of the Chilika sanctuary. Kalijai Island is home to the Goddess Kalijai, venerated by the local fisher folk. This island plays host to a huge fair on 'Makar Sankranti' held annually in the month of January. The large fishing community adds flavour to the lake with their traditional colourful sail boats bobbing expertly across the water, reminiscent of the ancient maritime heritage of Orissa. In fact, the fisher folk can be persuaded to take visitors on their boats. Chilika is worth visiting the year round, however, the winter months, when the air reverberates with the din of the birds, are the nicest times. Barkul, Rambha, Balugaon and Satpada are the bases for visiting Chilika, where boats can be hired.

 Debrigarh
The combination of dry deciduous mixed forests with rich wildlife, Hirakud reservior, attractive topographical features are the important features of Debrigarh wildlife sanctuary. The Hirakud reservoir attracts large number of migratory birds during winter. The forest area is ideal habitat for Chousingha. Other prominent fauna includes tiger, leopard, gaur, sambar, spotted dear, sloth bear, resident and migratory birds, monitor lizards, chameleon etc. The sanctuary entry point at Dhodrokusum adjoining Hirakud reservoir is 40 km. from Sambalpur and 60 km.  from Baragarh. 

Gahirmatha
Close to the Bhitar Kanika Sanctuary is another of Orissa's special sanctuaries - the Gahirmatha Turtle Sanctuary. This stretch of beach is the breeding ground for the giant Olive Ridley Turtles, who travel all the way from the Pacific Ocean to mate and lay their eggs here. Every year, thousands of these wondrous creatures can be seen here. In order to protect the turtles, special arrangements have been made by the Government of Orissa. 

Hadagarh
Hadagarh sanctuary in the district of Keonjhar and Mayurbhanj is close to Hadagarh reservoir of Salandi dam. The area is rich in mixed deciduous forests and wildlife which includes tiger, leopard, fishing cat, hyena, elephant, langur, pangolin, a variety of birds and reptiles. The Baula hill range lying on the east and west of Salandi river, the valley occupied by the reservoir and its catchments are the main features. 

Karlapat
About 35 kms from Bhawanipatna, the district headquarters of Kalahandi, on the Bhawanipatna-Thuamula-Rampur road is Karlapat, famous for its enchanting wildlife. Tigers, leopards, sambars, gaur and cheetal have a rich presence in these forest tracts.

Kotagarh
Kotagarh wildlife sanctuary located in the Baliguda subdivision of Kandhamal district is rich in bio-diversity. Major wildlife species are tiger, elephant, gaur, sambar, spotted deer, peafowl, red jungle fowl and a variety of reptiles. The dense lush green forests with sylvan and serene picturesque beauty is the major attraction. A wooden bunglow at Belghar attracts many nature loving visitors. 

Khalasuni
Khalasuni's undulating topography ranging from 223 mt. to 750 mt. offers a wide ranging scenic beauty of wild virgin forests. There are a variety of wildlife like tiger, leopard, elephant, gaur, sambar, spotted deer, barking deer, pea fowl, horn bill and a number of reptilian species. It is an ideal place for nature lovers and tourists. 

Kuldiha
This sanctuary is located in the district of Balasore and is blessed with a charming forest and a variety of wildlife such as tiger, leopard, elephant, gaur, sambar, giant squirrel, a number of bird species like hill myna, peafowl, hornbills and various reptiles. The sanctuary is linked with Similipal through Sukhupada hills and Nato hill ranges. A trek from Nilgiri amidst Kuldiha forests is worth enjoying. Two rest houses at Kuldiha and Jadachuan and the perennial streams are treat for the visitors. 

Lakhari
This sanctuary located in the Lakhari valley near Ganjam has a large concentration of elephants and other wildlife. Blackbucks abound in this region. 

Nandan Kanan
Nandan Kanan means '"garden of pleasure", and this combination of zoo, botanical garden and sanctuary 20 km from Bhubaneswar, in the splendid environs of the Chandaka Forest, along the rippling waters of the Kanjia lake, fits the description. 

 Padamtala
The little hamlet of Padmatala, located 37 kms from Phulbani, is famous for the presence of a pond which is used by the wild animals of the area as a watering hole. During most evenings one can spot an amazing variety of wildlife at the pond. 

Satkosia
Satkosia gorge is a unique feature in geomorphology in India. Here Mahanadi has cut right across the Eastern Ghats and has formed a magnificent gorge. Located in the districts of Angul, Cuttack, Nayagarh and Boudh, Satkosia gorge sanctuary (795.52 sq.km.) with sylvan beauty and excellent natural features is an attractive destination for scientist and nature lovers.  The major attraction of the area is 22 km. long gorge (known as Satkosia gorge) of the river Mahanadi which divides the area into a two distinct parts accessible respectively from Angul and Nayagarh or Boudh. The area supports moist deciduous forest, dry deciduous forests and moist peninsular sal forests and is stronghold of tiger,leopard,elephant,gaur,sambar,spotted deer,mouse deer,nilgai,choushingha,sloth bear,wild dog etc., varieties of resident and migratory birds reptilian species(gharial,mugger crocodile,fresh water turtle,poisonous and non-poisonous snakes etc.). Major attraction of the sanctuary is the gorge,river Mahanadi,the Gharial Research and Conservation Unit at Tikarapada,hill slopes,various tracking routes and boating. 

Simlipal

The Mayurbhanj district of Orissa is the home of one of the most important National Parks not only of Orissa, but also in the country. Spread over an area of 2,750 sq. kms., the park was specially chosen by Project Tiger for continuing the onerous task of conserving the country's depleting tiger population. This tiger reserve has over 95 Royal Bengal Tigers within its lavish bounds. Leopards, elephants, mugger crocodiles and numerous reptiles abound here. Over 230 species of birds people the forest and waterways in the park. 

Thick and green forests, extensive grassy lands and meadows, cloud kissing peaks, precipitous and sparkling waterfalls, meandering rivers, roaring tigers and trumpeting tuskers, fleeing deer and flying squirrels, talking myna and dancing peacocks et al make Similipal a dreamland of Nature in the wilderness and an irresistible destination.

Covering a vast are of 2750 sq. km out of which 303 sq. km from the core area, thick biosphere reserve is a sanctuary and one of the Tiger Projects and National parks of India. With wide range of rain falls and edaphic variations, range from dry deciduous to moist green forests, it is suitable to different species of flora and fauna. About 1076 species of mammals, 29 types of reptiles and 231 species of birds are the proud possession of this plateau.

Average mean elevation of Similipal is 900 meters. Tall and luxuriant Sal Trees in large numbers stand like sentries. The handsome peaks of Khairiburu (1178 meters), Meghasani (1158 meters) and others welcome like smiling receptionists from the emerald heights. Sweet scented Champak flowers freshen the air. The richly hued orchids on the green foliage are soothing to the eyes. In the midst of the dense forests, the summer stands humbled and the sun gets lost.

Several rivers like Budhabalanga, Khairi, salandi, Palpala, etc. originate from the hills and meander through the forest like veins and arteries in the body. Many of them have formed cascading rapids and foaming falls before leaving for the plains. The panoramic view of the waterfalls at Barehipani (400 meters) and joranda (150 meters) are simply enchanting of fish, is found in abundance in most of the rivers.The silence of Similipal is occasionally broken by the chirping of the birds to an avian delight.

The dense forest and riverine system serve as an excellent home to some of the most beautiful creatures of the World. To stay with them, even for a while, is a thrilling experience. Herds of elephants majestically walking across the roads and rivulets could be a regular sight. While you are moving on the hilly tracts, predators like Tiger and Leopards might be obliviously lulling under the shade with their own thoughts. If lucky, you could spot them there, or else see them around the saltlicks at places like Chahala. Forget the apprehensive dear at Similipal is at its natural best.

The crocodile rearing centre at Ramtirtha near Jashipur is an additional attraction.

An epitome of fascinating beauties, Similipal beckons you for a sojourn of its mind boggling interiors. it will fill your lungs with cool and clean air, your nose with fresh and free fragrance, your eyes with soothing sights, your ears with sonorous sounds and your heart with a hypnotic throb. After trip, your body is sure to feel rejuvenated.Similipal also provides succor to thousands of tribal people living on the fringe. A glimpse of the tribal culture will therefore be a bonus at no extra cost.

 Sunabeda
Located close to the boundary of Chhatisgarh state on the western fringe of Orissa in the newly created Nuapada district, this sanctuary covers 600 sq. km. of dry deciduous forests. The plateau on the hill top holds a slightly undulating flat land with good edible grass. Eleven beautiful waterfalls and seasonal streams which dry out during summer leaving few deep pools of water. These are very fascinating attractions. Major wildlife species are: tiger, leopard, hyena, barking deer, chital, gaur, sambar, sloth bear, varieties of birds such as hill myna, pea fowl, partridge and a number of reptilian species. This sanctuary is considered as an ideal habitat for Barasingha (locally extinct). 

Ushakothi 
One of Orissa's smaller sanctuaries, Ushakothi, situated 45 kms from Sambalpur, offers visitors a perfect opportunity to see elephants, tigers, panthers, sambars etc. from the strategically placed watch towers or from on board a jeep

NANDANKANAN ZOO:

Nandan Kanan means '"garden of pleasure", and this combination of zoo, botanical garden and sanctuary 20 km from Bhubaneswar, in the splendid environs of the Chandaka Forest, along the rippling waters of the Kanjia lake, fits the description. 

The zoo has created history in many ways. In 1967, a wild female tiger approached Nandan Kanan, and scaling a high fence, she crept around until she found the tiger enclosure. She then climbed up a concrete wall, and leapt down into the enclosure, thus perhaps becoming the only wild animal in existence who has ever opted to join in a zoo. In commenting on this rare occasion, the National Geographic magazine pointed out that Orissa must be the only place in the world with enough sophistication to have a modern, well designed zoo, and enough tigers to stock it by voluntary membership!

Nandan Kanan also has the distinction of the first captive-breeding center for gharial crocodiles, a task facilitated by the gift of an adult male by the Frankfurt Zoo. The zoo has also given a new lease of life to one of the rarest creatures of the world - the white tiger, with important research and concerted efforts on to breed them in the natural environs of Nandan Kanan. This regal animal first came to Nandan Kanan in 1980 when the first litter of white tigers were born to Deepak and Ganga, two normal tawny tigers. Subsequent litters of white tigers have been distributed to Zoo's both in India as well as abroad. Currently Nandan Kanan has one of the largest collections in the world with over 34 white tigers.       In addition to the white tigers, endangered species such as the Asiatic Lion, three Indian crocodilians, sanghai, lion tailed macaque, Nilgiri langur, Indian pangolin, mouse deer and countless birds, reptiles, and fish have been breeding successfully here. There is also a successful Black Panther breeding programme. In all, over 67 kinds of mammals, 18 varieties of reptiles and 81 species of birds co-exist in the deeply forested boundaries of Nandan Kanan.

The 34 aquaria, which are home to a large variety of freshwater fish, and the Reptile park, home to numerous species of crocodiles, lizards, turtles and snakes, which is guarded by the image of a life sized Tyrannosaurus Rex, are perpetual crowd-pullers. Safaris for viewing the white tigers and lions in the natural habitat in specially designed protected buses are added attractions. The rope-way connecting the Zoo with the Botanical Gardens over the lake, the boating facilities, the Lion Safari ( a wide stretch of open ground infested with Lions where the visitors get to see them in their natural habitat) and the toy train   for children have added new feathers to Nandan Kanan's cap, making it a hot family favorite.

Nandan Kanan, with its Zoo, the beautiful Botanical Gardens, the lake, nature trails and facilities for amusement, is a definite must for all visitors to Orissa.

 CHILIKA:

Chilika is a largest brackish water lagoon in India and supports a wide assemblage of marine, brackish and freshwater flora and fauna. The beauty of the lagoon has inspired poets and thinkers which is quite evident in the poems written by Pandit Godavarish Mishra and Radhanath Roy describing the beauty of Chilika. Chilika is an integral part of culture of coastal Orissa. . It was one of the outlets maritime trade through which the traders of Orissa used to sail for South-east Asian countries like Java, Sumatra and Bali. Manikpatna happened to be the port for quite some time. The lagoon supports the largest congregations of the migratory and non migratory birds in the country, particularly during the winter. Flocks of migratory waterfowl arrive from as far as the Caspian Sea, Lake Baikal, Aral Sea, remote parts of Russia, Kirghiz steppes of Mongolia, Central and South East Asia, Ladakh and the Himalayas, to feed and breed on its fertile waters. In 1989-90 an estimated two million birds visited the lagoon. As per the report of the Asian Waterfowl Census, Chilika supports more than a miliion water birds every winter. It hosts over 205 species of birds during the peak migratory season of which at least 97 are intercontinental migrants. Chilika provides an excellent opportunity for ecotourism and the participatory eco-tourism can generate adequate alternate employment opportunities for the local community and create desired awareness amongst the stake-holder as well as the visitors for the conservation and wise use of its natural resources. Some of the sites which has got potentiality from Ecotourism point of view are as follows:

RAMBHA

Situated at the southern end of the lagoon Rambha bay is dotted with a number of Islands and because of its enchanting beauty it happened to be the picnic ground of Britishers. The number of inviting islands popping out of vast stretch of blue water and each Island has got some story to tell. It is an excellent site for Island trip as each island has got some uniqueness. There is a Panthaniwas at Rambha run by OTDC.  The following can be memorable and peaceful destination from Rambha. The local community can conduct the tourists.

BECON ISLAND

Located at 3.0Kms away from Rambha OTDC Bungalow.  It is an architectural marvel with a conical pillar and a small room constructed on a submerged mass of rock in the Rambha bay near Ghantasila hill.  Mr. Snodgrass built this who, the then Collector of Ganjam under the east India Company.  As per the old document Mr. Snodgrass used to relax and do his office work on this island.  The ornamental pillar was constructed to put a light on the top.  The water spread around the Beacon Island is very charming, surrounded by the eastern ghat

BREAKFAST ISLAND

This Island is located in the Rambha Bay between Badakuda and Somolo Island.  It is a pear shaped island.  It is otherwise known as "Sankuda Island".  The remnants of a dilapidated bungalow constructed by the king of Kalikote still exist on this island.  Mr. Snodgrass the then Collector of Ganjam used to occupy this Bungalow quite frequently.  The island was full of greenery and he used to do his office work on this island. The flora of the island is quite interesting. A number of interesting rare plants are still found on this Island.

HONEYMOON ISLAND

It is situated in the Rambha Bay near the Sankuda Island.  It is 5 Kms away from Rambha Jetty.  It is otherwise known as "Barkuda Island”.  Britishers used this island for picnicking.  The waters around the island are very clear a luxuriant bed of red and green macro algae grow on the bed.  Dr.Anandale & Kemp recorded the limbless lizard an endemic species from this island which is named after this Island.

SOMOLO AND DUMKUDI

Situated in the Central and Southern sectors of the lagoon, these islands are inundated remnants of the Eastern Ghats.  Though rocky, they are rich in flora and fauna.  Dolphins are often sighted on the peripheral waters of Somolo Island.  A scenic and unique backdrop to Somolo is the Khalikote hill range.

BIRDS' ISLAND

It is situated in the southern sector of Chilika.  This is a hillock with huge exposed hanging rocks.  It is 4 Kms away from Rambha Tourist Bungalow, and 1 Km away on the Eastern side of the Ghantasila hill.  The island is covered with herbs, shrubs, trees and creepers. The granite rocks are the remnants of Eastern Ghats.  Some of the huge rocks are painted white because of the folic acid from the droppings of the Birds.  Some residential birds use the island as perching ground.  During winter season, the migratory birds are sighted here.  It is known for its rich algal communities and few mangrove species.
 

PARIKUD

A group of composite islands constitute the Garh Krishnaprasad Block and are ideal spots for nature lovers, during the winter season it becomes an avian grandeur.

KALIJAI TEMPLE

Kalijai temple is situated on an island considered to be the abode of the Godess Kalijai.  She is venerated due to the folk-lore and the legend.  An excellent destination for the tourists.
 

SATAPADA
 

Located on the eastern shore of the lake, it is 55 Kms from Puri.  It is bounded by the lagoon on three sides and thus offers an excellent view of the Lagoon.  One main attraction of Satapada is Irrawaddy Dolphins, At present 150 unemployed youth of Satapada area are operating 75 number of boats to conduct the tourist into the Lake from Satapada. The following spots can be the tourist destination from Satapada.

BARUNKUDA

It is a small island situated near Magarmukh with a temple of Lord Varuna.

NABAGRAHA:

An ancient deity located near village Berhampur, along the outer channel.
 

CHOURBAR SHIVA TEMPLE

Located along the outer channel near village Alupatna.

MANIKPATNA

It is situated along the outer channel.  As per historical evidence, there was a port which was used for trade with Far-East.  Bhabakundeswar temple of Lord Shiva is located here.  An old Mosque exists here ,the entrance door of the Mosque is made of  the jaws of the whale. A typical curd is prepared here by tradition in bamboo basket.

SAND-BAR AND MOUTH OF CHILIKA LAGOON

A beautiful and endless un-explored stretch of empty beach exists across the sand bar which separates the Lagoon from the Sea The entire stretch is more than 30 Kms. It can be developed for extending the camping facility to the high budget tourists.

 Orissa Wildlife Tour  :

To Orissa with The Dove and you are guaranteed virgin beaches, heavenly art architecture as well as adventurous jungle trek/stays.Similipal tiger reserve, Bhitarkanika wildlife sanctuary and Nalaban bird sanctuary inside lake Chilika offer you another facet of this state. Natures' abundance would captivate you and the romance of the jungle would unfold right in front of your eyes when you stay at one of the forest houses deep inside the Similipal range.A big cat or two, a horde of wild elephants and may be a leopard or two might try to befriend you! Confront gigantic crocodiles or Olive Ridley turtles at Bhitarakanika. Lake Chilika offers both the serenity of vastness and the cacophony of Siberian migrant birds in winter. Load your cameras and shoot at sight. Let The Dove take you to all these destinations in style, cool and hassle free.

The ecological changes and the environmental factors from region to region make Orissa's wildlife as exiting as it is varied. It is also a major reason why so many important projects for the conservation of wild life have met with so much success that the state still has vast tracks of land which have been protected from the onslaught of man's devastating ways.Today Orissa's numerous sanctuaries , both large and small , play an important role , while affording a great deal of pleasure to wildlife enthusiasts .Similipal national park,Bhitarkanika , Gahirmatha and Chilka have established their names on the international map while Sunabeda ,Kotagarh,,Karlapat,Debrigarh,Baisipalli, and Hadgarh sanctuaries do excellent service to their wild inhabitants 

Similipal sanctuary and national park, about 2750 sq kms expanse , in the Mayurbhanj district , is one of the most important wild life parks in the country.Similipal has over 150 tigers within its bound.Leopards, elephants, mugger crocodiles and numerous reptiles abound here.Over 230 species of birds have made their homes amongst its forests and waterways..

Apart from the wonderful wild life, tourists get an excellent bonus of lush valleys and forest lands. The Barehipani waterfall(399 mts) and the Joranda fall (150 mts) are well worth a visit as is the mugger crocodiles at Joshipur, one of the two entry points to Similipal.the other one is Lulung, fully equipped with a forest lodge.The best time to visit the Similipal park is from November to June. Bhitarkanika sanctuary and national park, located in the country's second largest mangrove forest in Orissa's coastal belt, has protected the estuarine crocodile since 1975.Further down at Gahirmatha,the Giant Olive redley Sea turtles traveling annually from south America come to nest by millions. Special arrangements are made , to ensure that this annual rituals continues unabated , by converting this region into a national park in 1998.Numerous migratory birds come to nest amongst the large mangrove islands.Dongmal, the base for Bhitarkanika , is three hours motor lunch journey from both , Chandbali and Rajnagar.Chilka lake, Asia's largest brackish water lake ,is located about 100 kms from Bhubaneswar .Anarrow isthumus separates  Chilka from the waters of the bay of Bengal.Spread over an area of 1100 sq. kms it was a declared a sanctuary in 1987.Winter is the loveliest time at Chilka, with thousands of migratory birds flying in from as far off as Siberia to make their winter sojourn in strange waters. The waters come alive with their raucous cries and colourful plumage as the birds battled to find space to make their new homes. While the lake's Nalabana island has been declared as a sanctuary for its varied flora, fauna Kalijai island is home to Goddess Kalijai and the venue for annual Makar Mela.Chital and black buck roam freely on the scrubby shores while Dolphins gambol play fully in the foam of the churning waters. The best time to visit Chilka is from -September to March.SatKosia gorge(Tikarpada) sanctuary, has one of the splendid settings in the world. It offers some of the most exciting visuals of the Satkosia Gorge, India's mightiest gorge, into which turbulent Mahanadi river crashes with amazing ferocity through 22 kms of emerald forests , that seem to change their hues with every bend of the river's meanderings. Apart from offering gorgeous views from the pinnacles of the surrounding hills, there is an excellent potential for angling, boating and trekking around these parts. The gharial population obviously enjoys these exotic environs and has an excellent breeding place in this sanctuary created to protect them.Badrama (Usakothi) sanctuary, is a small sanctuary established in 1987.. Only 48 kms away from Sambalpur.Tiger, elephant, samber, leopard, and bison make their home amongst the deciduous forests that share ground with sal, sandalwood, neem, acacia, and casuarina.Visitors can get a close -up of the animals from the watch towers placed near the watering holes. Best time to visit is from September to April.Karlapat and Kotgarh are also important sanctuaries that abounds in wild life.Besides the popular sanctuaries and national parks, the tribal belt of Orissa is also the home of tigers, panthers, leopards elephants and offers an excellent opportunity to, the nature lover and adventurer, to enjoy the deep forest covers and incredible wild life

 ORISSA BEACHES:

Puri Beach, Orissa

Puri is 60-km from Bhubaneswar, the capital city of Orissa and 35-km from Konark on the Marine Drive. For centuries now, the beach at Puri has been the venue of countless pilgrims taking the traditional purification dip. Puri is the abode of Lord Jagannath and considered one of the most important Hindu pilgrimage destination.

TRAVEL INFORMATIONS:
However, for decades now, both Indian and foreign beach lovers have made it their special haunt. The fine white sands of Puri beach and the roar of the breakers rolling in from the Bay of Bengal have fascinated visitors throughout the ages

As it is with all the beaches of Orissa, overcrowding is never a problem and the sight of holiday-makers having entire stretches of the beach to themselves is not uncommon.

The local fishermen, with their catamarans and wide brimmed cane hats are welcomed by tourists for they not only provide you with a ride on their boats but also act as lifeguards if you wish. And yes, they are also expert masseurs. With excellent beach facing hotels and guest houses, the Puri beach is an ideal holiday spot where you can easily spend a lot of time.

GENERAL INFORMATIONS:

Puri Temple:- The holy city of Puri , 60 km from Bhubaneswar, is one of the four holiest points of piligrimage for Hindus. The deity of the city, Lord Jaganath, whose temple was built way back in the 12th century, is not only of great religious significance to the people of Orissa but is revered by thousands of pilgrims who seek His blessings from every part of the country. This intense veneration of Jaganath, or the Lord of the Universe, reaches its zenith during the annual rites of the RathaYatra in the month of June-July.

Konark Temple:-The magnificent Sun Temple at Konark is the culmination of Orissan temple architecture, and one of the most stunning monuments of religious architecture in the world. The massive structure now in ruins, sits in solitary splendour surrounded by drifting sand. The temple was built by the King Narshimadeva in the 13th century. The entire temple was designed in the shape of a colossal chariot, carrying the Sun God (Surya) across the heavens.

 Chandipur Beach, Orissa

Chandipur is a peaceful sea side resort where the sea recedes and proceeds 5 km everyday. Chandipur is 16 km away from Balasore. Other places of tourist interest around Balasore are Remuna, Panchalingeswar, Aradi and Chandaneswar.

 Gopalpur on Sea, Orissa

 One of the most pristine beaches of Orissa, this quiet beach is a splendid retreat for sea-worshippers, located about 16 km from Berhampur. Once a humming seaport, Gopalpur offers its visitors a slice of serenity in environs that are conducive to introspection and conviviality. You can still see the crumbling walls and pillars of the jetty, witness to its past glory of commercial activity. Now, plans are on to revitalize the port again and make it fit for modern ships. The pleasures of the Blue Beach and the Blue Bay with her backwaters continue to lure the water babies… Gopalpur is a surfers delight and is excellent for sailing too.

Konark Beach, Orissa

 The Konark beach is 3 kms away from the famous Sun temple along the Puri road.Konark Beach is rated one of the finest beach in the world. One can have the glimpses of the local fishing fleet at work. The sunrise at this beach is a feast for the eyes and an ideal spot for sun-bathing. Situated about 32-km from Puri on Marine Drive, It is nice and quiet beach to spend few days. With a long stretch of clean sands and a lovely serenity of its own, this beach is considered as one of the best in the eastern coast. However, there isn't a lot of accommodation here as yet.

Paradeep Beach, Orissa

 Paradeep which is an estuary of the Mahanadi has evergreen forests, with islands and creeks, a good marine drive and beach. This is a major commercial seaport of the country. A major port of Orissa, Paradeep is 94 kms. from Cuttack and 125 kms. from Bhubaneswar.

Baleshwar Beach, Orissa

Site of a Shaivite shrine, Beleswar, located 15 km from Puri, has an interesting beach where several fun filled hours can be spent.

 Balighai Beach, Orissa

The Casuarina fringed Balighai beach, located 8 km from Puri, is a famous picnic spot. The juxtaposition of gentle casuarina-lined river with crashing, desolate ocean coast is a strange and extremely beautiful. One may also catch a glimpse of the shy Baliharina deer that inhabit the area. The Sea Turtle Research Centre is another attraction of this beach.

PLACES OF INTEREST:
Chaurasi:
Chaurasi is the site of the shrines dedicated to Laxminarayanan, Amareshras and Barahi. Barahi is a deity dating back to the 9th century AD, worshipped according to tantrik practices. She is a mother goddess with the face of a boar and is depicted holding a fish in one hand and a cup in another. This shrine is 14 kms from Kakatpur on the way to Konark at Chaurasi

 WATERFALLS:

Badaghagra:

10 kms. from Keonjhar on NH-6 towards Sambalpur, it is yet another small (200 ft.   high) but exiting waterfall on the river Ghagara.  It is one of the most popular picnic spots of Keonjhar district.

Duduma:

A charming waterfall on the river Machhakunda, 70 kms. from Jeypore, a waterfall of 155mt high is also a place of pilgrimage and rare scenic beauty.

Harishankar:

Is located on the southern side of Gandhamardhan hills in Balangir. The Harishankar dazzles with a series of bewitching waterfalls cascading on the hillslopes.

Hathipathar:

Nearly 3kms. away from Raygada.

Khandadhar Falls:

Khandadhar, a famous waterfall of about 800 mt. high is located amidst lush green forest of Sundergarh. It is the highest waterfall of the state. It is 60 kms. from Keonjhar. The magnificient sight of the fall makes it ideal for a great picnic spot.

Mirig Khoj:

Approximately 110 kms from Rourkela, a beautiful  waterfall of Orissa.

Phurli Jharan Falls:

Waterfall near Bhawanipatna is about 16mts high. The multi-coloured rainbows created by the sun-rays falling on the scattered water particles of the fall has a special charm of its own.

Pradhanpat:

Close to the town of Deogarh, Padhanpat hill with its picturesque waterfall offers a rare scenic beauty. It is at a distance of 96 kms from Deogarh.

Putudi:

Near Phulbani, on the river Bada Saluki

Sanaghagra Falls:

6 Kms. from Keonjhar on NH-6 towards Sambalpur. It is a small (100 ft high) but beautiful waterfall, suitable for outing.

Nrusimhanath:

 The sacred hills of Gandhamardan in the district Bargarh holds the picturesque waterfalls named Bhimadhar, Gadadhar, Guptadhar and Chaladhar.It is 20 kms away from Nuapara.

Barheipani:

 Barheipani is yet another waterfall situated on the river Budhabalanga in the Meghasan mountain of Mayurbhanj district.

THE TRIBAL ORISSA:

Orissa occupies a unique position in the ethnographic map of India for having the largest variety of tribal communities. Although they are found in all the districts of the State, yet more than half of their total strength is found in the districts of Koraput, Rayagada, Naurangpur, Malkangiri, Kalahandi, Nauapara, Kandhamal, Baudh, Keonjhar, Sundargarh and Mayurbhanj.

The tribes of Orissa are at various stages of socio-economic development. At one extreme are the group which lead a relatively secluded and archaic mode of life keeping their core culture intact, while at the other extreme there are communities which are indistinguishable from the general agricultural communities.

Any society - tribal or otherwise, comprises of organised groups of people who have learnt to live and work together interacting in the pursuit of common goals. Each society has its own rules of business and tricks of trade which helps its people to define their relationship with one another and live and work together. Therefore a society is a going concern and functions and perpetuates itself on the basis of the rules for living together.

The tribal people express their cultural identity and distinctiveness in their social organisation, language, rituals and festivals and also in their dress, ornament, art and craft. They have retained their own way of managing internal affairs of the village mainly through two institutions namely, the village council and the youth dormitory. The dormitory is the core of tribal culture and it reinforces the age-old traditions. In Orissa this institution occurs among many tribal communities in some form or other. The Juangs call it Majang and Darbar, the Kondhs call it Dindaghar, the Bhuyans call it Dhangarabasa and among the Bondos it goes by the name Ingersin. Of all the tribes the dormitory system is well organized among the Juang. Conspicuous in the village, the Mandaghar is the largest hut. It has wall on three sides and is open in front. The wooden parts and side walls are carried with decorative symbols depicting animals. The boys hang their changu, a flat tambourine like drum which is used at the time of dancing. In front of the Mandaghar is the small open space where dance takes place almost every night after the day's work is over. The dormitory is so to say a school of dancing and expression of the communal art of the people. The elders of the village assemble at the dormitory house every day for every important event in their corporate life. Here they discuss matters concerning the welfare of the village and fix date and time for celebration of the village festivals, etc. In these respects the dormitory may be considered as the centre of social, economic and religious life of the village.

The amazing conglomeration of traditions, beliefs, sorrows and philosophies that together constitute and vitalize the rituals and festivals of the tribes, has descended from antiquity and has been preserved unimpaired to the present day. Every facet of their life covering round-the-year activities is intimately connected with religious beliefs and ritual practices. It is these aspects of their culture that give meaning and depth to their lives, and solidarity to their social structure.

The tribes believe that their life and work are controlled by supernatural beings whose abode is around them in hills, forests, rivers and houses. It is very difficult to standardize the Gods and spirits as their composition continually changes when old ones are forgotten with the introduction of new ones. Their Gods differ from one another in composition, function, character and nature. Some are benevolent; some are neutral and some are malevolent. The malevolent spirits and Gods are cared more than their benevolent counter parts as they can bring misery.

Manipulation of environment being the main concern of the tribals, all the ritual acts are directed towards stimulating natural processes. Illness or misfortune is attributed to displeasure and malicious act of the Gods or ancestors. The sacrifice of different kinds of livestock accompanied by all the rites and ceremonials of fetishism is considered appropriate appeasement. Moreover, their extremely superstitious nature prohibits the undertaking of any enterprise unless the Gods are first appeased and the omens, after being carefully considered, are adjudged to be propitious.

Among the tribes there are religious functionaries who cater to their spiritual needs. For example, the hierarchy of priests among the Saoras may be divided into three categories. The Buyya is a  priest who presides at agricultural festivals and offers sacrifices that especially characterize these occasions. The Kudan is a shaman who combines the functions of priest, prophet and medicine-man. The sacerdotal head among the Juang is called Nagam or Buita, Pujari or Sisa among the Bondos and Jani among the Kondhs. The post of these officials are mostly ascribed but not achieved.

The ceremonies and festivals of the tribes can be classified into two groups, that is, those that relate to the individual families and those that relate to the village as a whole. The ceremonies and rites relating to birth of a child, marriage, death are observed family-wise whereas those relating to various agricultural cycle, eating of new fruits, hunting, etc. are observed by the village community.

Some of the important festivals observed by the tribal communities of Orissa include Guar ceremony of the Saora, Gotar of the Gadaba, Push Punei of the Juang, Kedu of the Kondh, Karam festival of the Oraon, Chait Parab of the Bondo and Magha Parab of the Santal.

With the advent of time, traces of borrowing from Hindu Pantheon and religious ceremonies are noticed among the tribes of Orissa. They have started worshipping Siva, Parbati and Lord Jagannath. Hindu festivals like Raja, Laxmipuja, Dasahara and Gamha are also becoming popular among them day by day.

The tribes of Orissa, despite their poverty and their pre-occupation with the continual battle for survival, have retained the rich and varied heritage of colourful dance and music forming integral part of their festivals and rituals. Among them, the dance and music is developed and maintained by themselves in a tradition without aid and intervention of any professional dancer or teacher. It is mainly through the songs and dances the tribes seek to satisfy their inner urge for revealing their soul. The performance of these only give expression to their inner feelings, their joys and sorrows, their natural affections and passion and their appreciation of beauty in nature and in man.

Although the pattern of dance and music prevalent among them vary from tribe to tribe yet there are certain features common to all. Tribal dances have some accompaniments by means of which the rhythm is maintained. This consists of clapping of hands or beating of drums or an orchestra of different instruments. Every dance is accompanied by a song which is sung by the performers. Both men and women, young and old dance and invariably sing but the accompanying orchestra or music is usually provided by the male members. Tribal dance is characterized not only by its originality and spontaneity but also for its wide range of movements. Many parts of the body such as head, back, arms, feet. finger, etc. are brought into play. Some of the tribal groups put on colourful dancing costume during their performance.

Like dance, the songs sung by different tribal groups differ from one tribe to the other. Among the tribes everyone is a musician and poet. When happily inspired, they can coin a song then and there and sing it. Like any others, when they see things of beauty and meet pleasantly, they exhibit this  pleasure and happiness by composing songs. One finds in these songs humors, jokes, romance, satires, criticisms, acquisitions and anger. Though there is no modernity and fineness, their ideas being natural, the compositions are good, inspiring and melodious. On the occasion of performing Pujas and observance of festivals the songs sung are different. Such songs are adopted from the past so many years. These songs describe the history of gods, the process of creation and some epic stories.
 

The joy of free life find expression in tribal art and craft. It is through this endeavor their cultural self-image and aesthetic sensibility are visualized. The artistic skill of the tribal people is not only manifested in their dance and music but also in their dress and ornaments, wall-paintings, wood carvings and decorations, etc. The beautiful wall-paintings and floral designs of the Santals and the icons of the Saoras which depict geometric designs and stylistic figures of plants and animals are the best example of tribal art. The multicoloured designs and relief figures of animals and human beings which decorate the walls of Mandaghar in Juang society are indeed works of very high order. Similar wall-paintings and decorations as observed among the Mundari group of tribals are also very attractive.

Some of the tribal communities like the Bondo and the Gadaba have their own looms by which they weave clothes for their own use. These hand spun textiles of colored yarn are examples of best artistic skill of these people. So also among the Dongaria Kondhs the ladies are very much skilled in making beautiful embroidery work in their scarf. The tribal women in general and the Bondo, the Gadaba and the Dongaria Kondh women in particular are very fond of using ornaments. The Bondo women, who are considered most primitive, look majestic when they wear headbands made of grass, necklaces of coloured beads and girdles made of brass on their bodies. All these are expressions of their artistic quality and aesthetic sense. The tribal people turn out excellent handicrafts for their own use. The wood carving of the Kondhs, metal works by lost wax process among the Bathudis, cane and bamboo basketry works among the Juangs and Bhuyans, are all symbolic of artistic creation.

Some of the famous tribal dances of Orissa are mentioned in the description that follows:

JUANG:

The Juang dance which goes by the popular name of "Changu dance" is performed by both men and women. Besides, they perform other types of dances such as deer dance, elephant dance, bow dance, pigeon dance, bear dance, koel dance and peacock dance. They dance and sing when they are in happy mood. The dance also forms an integral part of their social and ritual festivals. The Juang do not have any special dress for dancing. While dancing the girls stand in a straight line in front of the boys. While the dance goes on, the line becomes semicircular. The girls hold each other's wrist or hand-in-hand and move forward and backward in bending posture. The boys stand in a straight line which becomes a curve during dance. The musical instruments which are used during their dance are Badakatha (Drum), Dhola (Small drum), Madala and Changu (Tambourine).

SAORA:
The Saoras do not dance frequently as the Juangs and the Gadabas do. The Saora dance is very  simple and lack all the artistic exuberances. Generally the Saoras dance during ceremonies and festivals, marriages, and when some important person visits their village. In their dance, group of men and women jumble up together and while dancing the drummers and the dancers advance towards each other alternatively with the rhythm of the music. Colourful costumes are worn during the dance. Other decorations include feathers of white fowl and peacock plumes. Besides, old coloured cloths of cotton and silk are tied as turbans by men and wrapped around their chest by women. While dancing they carry swords, sticks, umbrellas and other implements and blow whistles and make peculiar sounds. The musical instruments used at the time of dance consist of drums of various sizes, brass cymbals, brass-gongs and hide-gongs.

GOND:
Among the Gonds of Koraput, dance is performed throughout the year. Besides this, dances are  performed on special communal occasions like marriage. The boys dress themselves with colourful aprons and turbans during the dance. The turbans are adorned with "cowrie" shells and the apron is adorned with small pieces of mirror. The girls are dressed in hand-woven sarees and silver ornaments. A dancing group is ordinarily formed with 20 to 30 persons of both sexes. Only unmarried boys and girls participate in the dance. The musical instruments are played by boys. Two boys lead the dance with wooden drums. The girls dance in circles with simple steps of one and two, very often bending their bodies forward. The steps of the boys are more varied and subtle.

KOYA:

Dance among the Koyas is richly varied and sophisticated. The most important occasion for dancing is the worship of the mother goddess in the month of Chaitra (April-May). Ordinarily both boys and girls participate in dancing but the girls are more conspicuous. However, in the festival only girls participate. During the dance, the girls keep rhythm by beating sticks on the ground which are fitted with small bells. Dance groups are formed by about 30 to 40 persons. The most conspicuous movement about Koya dance is the complicated winding and unwinding of circles formed by girls.

GADABA:
Gadaba dance is performed by women who wear the famous "Keranga" sarees and have their distinctive hair style. The men play the musical instruments. Chaitra and Pausa are the dancing seasons. The Gadaba women dance in semi-circles with steps of three and four which they gradually change to eight. The body is often bent forward. Very skillful moves are made on the heels.

KONDH:
Kondh dance is mostly confined to unmarried boys and girls and free mixing of the sexes is allowed during dancing. The dances are performed especially when the boys or girls of one village visit another village. The dance forms an item in the daily routine of the Kondh, when the boys and girls in their dormitories meet after the day's toil. No instrument accompanies the dance of the Kondhs of Koraput. The girls dance in lines and the boys dance behind and in front of them. The dance of the Phulbani Kondh is more colourful. The girls wear sarees in two pieces and bangles on their ankles. They dance in rows, facing rows of boys who sing songs and play on hand drums. Songs play a very important part in the dance. Special dances are performed during buffalo sacrifice, called the Kedu festival.

ORAONS:
The dance of the Oraons of Sundargarh and Bolangir districts is performed in front of the village dormitories. The boys and girls participate in the dance. The line of dancers go round and round headed by the leading dancers.

PARAJA:
The Parajas dance during the Chaitra parba, the dance often lasting from dusk to dawn. The girls wear colourful handwoven sarees; silver and brass jewellery; and hold a bunch of peacock feathers in their hands. The movements are extremely graceful and the music is provided by the drum, flute and the "Dudunga" - a country-made string instrument.