RESOURCES  AND BIODIVERSITY

 Meghalaya is rich in natural resources like coal, uranium and is the only state with surplus power generation. It is known for its tourism potential. Agriculture is the mainstay of the people and plays a predominant role in the state’s economy. Its climate is not only ideal for the development of tourist and health resorts, but also for the growth of a large number of horticultural crops like fruits, spices and mushroom. Apart from such potential for agro-based industries, the state possesses rich deposits of limestone, coal and granite. Most of these natural resources are extracted and sent outside the state only in raw form. There are little value addition activities in the state. The Centre for monitoring Indian Economy index for infrastructure development for Meghalaya is 65 (in 1992-93), the reference point being 100 which is the national average.

The annual compound growth rate of the net state domestic product (NSDP) during the period from 1980-81 to 1996-97 has been worked out at 14.38 per cent at current prices and 4.45 per cent at constant (1980-81) prices. As far as the sector wise contribution is concerned, between 1980-81 and 1996-97, agriculture exhibited an annual compound growth rate of 11.41 per cent at current prices and 1.68 per cent at constant prices. Similarly, the manufacturing sector showed an annual growth rate of 14.53 per cent at current prices and 6.14 per cent at constant (1980-81) prices over the same period. In 1996-97, the contribution of the tertiary sector to the SDP was the highest, comprising more than half the state's SDP. In case of per capita income, Meghalaya continues to leg behind from the national average. In fact, in the recent few years the gap between the per capita income of Meghalaya and India has widened.

 Forest

         The State is basically an agricultural State. It has a total geographical area of 22,429 sq. kms. with a population of 17,74,778 (as per the 1991 Census). The total estimated forest area of the State is 8,514 sq. kms. of which only 722.36 sq. kms. are directly under the control of the State Forest Department. The remaining areas are managed by the respective District Councils of Khasi Hills, Jaintia Hills and Garo Hills as per provisions of the Sixth Schedule to the Constitution of India. Except the reserved forest areas and protected forests in and around Shillong (being managed by the department in arrangement with the District Councils), the rest of the forest areas are subjected to the primitive agricultural practice of shifting cultivation or slash and burn method especially in Garo Hills. However, there are few pockets of undisturbed natural forests still in existence, comprising about 1000 sq. kms. being protected by the tribals as 'Sacred Groves'. Essentially they are located in strategic watershades and still play an important role.

The forests, which are not reserved forests are managed by the respective Councils. Under them, they have three kinds of forests, the old unclassed state forests which are directly under their control, the forests owned by the clans or communities and the private forests. For the and third categories, the District Councils have very little control except for collection of royalty when they export the timber outside their own area for trade.

Forest administration came to these areas,now constituted into the State of Meghalaya, sometime in the 1870s. As per records available, the first reserved forest to be notified was the Saipung Reserved Forest which was declared vide Notification No. 26 dated 25^th July, 1876, and the last Reserve to be notified, after Meghalaya has come into being, is the Tura Peak Reserved Forest which was notified vide Notification No. FOR. 10/75/32 dated 23^rd June, 1982. Following is the list of existing reserved forests and the date of their Notification alongwith the present area.

Status of forest cover of Meghalaya:

Total area: 22,429sq. km

Forest type and density

    The forests of Meghalaya can broadly be grouped under the tropical type and the temperate type, mainly based on the altitude, rainfall and dominant species composition.

• Tropical Forests

      These forests are met within areas upto an elevation of 1200m and with an average rainfall of about 100-250cm. There are numerous subtypes within this category such as evergreen, semi-evergreen, moist and dry deciduous forest, etc.

• Tropical evergreen forests

       These forests usually occur in high rainfall areas as well as near catchment areas. They seldom form continuous belts due to various exogenous factors. But still, they harbour very rich species diversity, where nature is at its extravaganza forming a closed evergreen canopy. The trees exhibit clear zonation with dense and impenetrable herbaceous undergrowth.

• Tropical semi-evergreen forests

         This category of forests occupies the north-eastern and northern slopes of the State, typically upto elevations of 1200m, where annual rainfall is 150-200cm with a comparatively cooler winter. The numbers of species here are fewer than the evergreen zone. There are also a few species in these forests which are deciduous in nature, such as Careya arborea, Dillenia pentagyna and Callicarpa arborea. Again there is a clear stratification of the trees in these forests.

• Tropical moist and dry deciduous forests

       This type of forests occurs where annual rainfall is below 150cm and at comparatively low elevations. Typical natural deciduous forests do not occur anywhere in Meghalaya but are only subclimax or man-made forests. These forests are characterised by seasonal leaf shedding and profuse flowering of the trees. Recurrent forest fires are a common phenomenon here. Deciduous forests are much more extensive in their distribution in the State and include a host of economically important trees like Shorea robusta, Tectona grandis, Terminalia myriocarpa, Sterculia villosa, Logerstroemia flos-reginae, L. Porviflora, Morus laevigatus, Artocarpus chaplasha, and Gmelina arborea both as natural and as plantations. Schima wallichii, Artocarpus gameziana, Tetrameles mudiflora, Lannea coromandelica, Salmalia malabarica Erythrina stricta, Premna milliflora, Vitex peduncularis, Albizia lebbeck. Lucida, Terminalia bellirica etc is also in abundance. These trees of the deciduous canopy are always lofty and straight bole and with spreading crown.

• Grass and Savannas

       Grasslands of Meghalaya are also not a climax type but are only as a result of removal of original forest cover. The rolling grasslands covering large areas can be seen throughout the Shillong plateau, around Riangdo, Ranikor, Weiloi, Mawphlang, Mawsynram, Cherrapunji, Shillong, Jowai, Jarain, and Sutnga in Khasi and Jaintia Hills and major parts of west Garo Hills.

• Temperate Forests

       The temperate forests occupy the higher elevations about 1000m, mostly along the southern slope of Khasi and Jaintia Hills. The rainfall here is very high 200-500cm with a severe winter during November to March. Ground frost is also common during December to January.

Area in sq. km of Forest Type classes of different districts of Meghalaya

 MINERAL RESOURCES:

     Meghalaya with its wealth of mineral deposits is a storehouse of industrial potential. There are extensive deposits of coal, limestone, granite, clay and other minerals.

• Limestone: is major mineral occurs in an extensive belt (approx. 200 Km. long) along the southern border of Meghalaya. The quality of limestone found here varies from cement grade to chemical grade. Total inferred reserve of limestone within the State is put at about 5,000 million tonnes. The quality of limestone in the State has CaO content even upto 53 per cent and can be of great use to the steel, fertilizer and chemical industries.

• Coal: deposits can be found in all districts and particularly in the Southern slopes of the State. This coal bears a low ash content and its calorific value ranges between 6,500 to 7,500 K Cal/Kg. The total estimated inferred reserve of coal is in the region of 560 million tonnes. The coal is mainly of sub-bituminous type and can be utilised in various industries ranging from power, fertilizer, cement and textile to paper, rubber, brick burning and pottery based industries. Value added chemicals like light medium and heavy oil, phenol, xynelol, producer gas etc. can also be recovered from such coal.

• Granite: The state of Meghalaya is endowed with abundant sources of granite and other crystallised rocks which can yield tiles/blocks/monuments of very pleasant colours/shed (viz. black, pink, gray etc), finished and texture after its proper cutting and finish. Exploration of granite is going on and yet to be completed. Nongpoh, Mawkyrwat, Markasa, Siju area have got good prospect.

• Clay: of various types such as Kaolin (China Clay), White clay and Fire Clay can be found in various parts of the state. These clays are suitable for the ceramic, paper, rubber and refractory industries. It has been estimated that there are a few hundred million tonnes of clay reserves in the State.

      Besides the above, other economically viable minerals like sillimanite, glass-sand, quartz, feldspar etc. also are available in various places in the State.

    Although the inferred reserves of these minerals are known, the final potentiality of these deposits, though being carried on, has to be proved by means of further drilling and detailed survey.

The estimated reserves of important minerals in Meghalaya are given in the Table below. It is to be noted that in terms of size of the estimated reserves, the most important mineral of the State is limestone, followed by coal, clay, Kaolin, glass sand, feldspar and sillimanite. In order to put these minerals resource to suitable industrial uses, it is essential to determine the characteristic of these geological resources and if necessary to arrange for beneficiation/conversion tests for their use in a particular industry. One of the essential functions for the assessment of geological and natural resources is a continuous process of exploration which would include geological mapping, core drilling and exploratory mining. This work is mainly being carried out by the Geological Survey of India of the Government of India and the Directorate of Mineral Resources of the State.

Estimated Reserves of Minerals in Meghalaya

Source: Technical Data on Minerals, Directorate of Mineral resources, Meghalaya

Flora

A Treasure Trove of Nature

            Meghalaya is a treasure trove of Nature, with its richly varied and dense endemic, exotic and cultivated flora. Nature, in its generous abundance, had bestowed on Meghalaya a unique array of vegetation, ranging from tropical and sub-tropical to temperate or near temperate. This is due to the diverse topography, varied and abundant rainfall and differential climatic and edaphic conditions of the State, within small regions.. Biotic factors have also played an important role, at places decisive.

Geographical position of Meghalaya has it appears favoured immigration and introduction of different plant species from the neighbouring states of the North Eastern India and also countries like China, Tibet and Burma.

Geological factors, like the connection of Meghalaya with the land masses of Peninsular India, the Pacific Islands, Madagaskar and some other portions of Africa might also have influenced Meghalaya's flora and fauna to some extent.

Depending on the varied scales of rainfall at different parts of the year and at different altitudes and places, both tropical and temperate vegetation occur in Meghalaya. The following four classes of Agro-climatic zones are found:

1. The Upper Hill region from 1200 metre to 1500 metre in altitude and above

2. The Middle Hill region from 600 metre to 1200 metre high

3. The Lower Hill region between 300 metre and 600 metre in altitude

4. The Terai or Plain region upto 300 metre from Sea Level

   The Plant World

    The genetic constitutions of different plants or life forms can be classified as below:

     In Meghalaya, all the above classes of plant life are found to occur naturally, constituting its rich and varied natural vegetation.

A Botanical Wonder

The World of Orchids

Décor Plants

     The forests of Meghalaya are treasure house of valuable products such a timber, fuelwood, fodder, resin, tannin, gums, shellac, fibre, latex, essential oils, fats, edible fruits, honey and a large number of medicinal plants. Meghalaya is well known for bay leaves and cinnamon. Morus alba, Quercus semiserrata and a number of other tree species play a vital role in the economy of the State, being the host plants for rearing of silk worms for sericulture. Meghalayans in general are fond of decorating their courtyards with seasonal flowers and one comes across Dahlia, Canna, Gladiolus, Begonia, Tropaeolum, Aster, Polargonium, Antirrhinum, Crinum, Celosia, Kniphofia, Impatiens, Chrysanthemum, Petunias, Pansy, Calendula, Sweet peas and Salvia. Meany climbers like Bougainvillea, Rosa, Jasminum, etc are quite common. Multiplicity of orchids like Phaius, Dendrobium and Cymbidium spp. are also cultivated.

Money Spinning Plants

           The forests of Meghalaya are a rich source of timber. The State as such is surplus in timber production and the bulk of timber for trade originates from private forests. Timber trade forms an integral and vital element in the economy of Meghalaya. Some of the important tree species, which yield valuable timber for trade are Khasi Pine, Sal, Teak, Bamboos.

In Meghalaya forests the rubber-yielding plant of Ficus elastica Roxb. belonging to the family of Moraceae is common.

Lac and Gum are obtained from forests in Meghalaya.

Meghalayan forests offer tremendous scope for sericulture or silk worm rearing industry.

Meghalaya is famous for its honey, derived mostly from forests in beehives. Nowadays, honey is being collected in artificial boxes also, instead of hives on trees.

The major crop plants of Meghalaya are Paddy, Maize, Millets, Pulses, Potato, Jute and Mesta, Ginger, Turmeric, Black Pepper, Sugar Cane, Oil Seeds.

Both arecanut and betelvine are important cash crops of the State. Khasis are used to chew betel nuts and betel leaves since time immemorial.

The State is basically a home of many horticultural plants such as fruit bearing trees, cultivated fruit bearing plants, citrus varieties of fruits.

Vegetables are grown extensively in the central plateau of the Khasi Hills with loamy soil and also in the plains of the Garo Hills.

Recently Tea and Coffee are being grown in lands abandoned after jhuming.

Plants that Cure and Heal

Different parts of many plants growing in Meghalaya have been put to medicinal use.

Among the important and recognised medicinal plants found and cultivated in Meghalaya are Ipecac, Rauvolfia serpentina, Cinchona, Abromine, Chaulmoogra Oil, Croton Oil, Eucalyptus, Castor Oil, Chiretta, Solanum khasianum, Casearia vareca, Zanthoxylum armatum, Hedyotis scandens, Paederia foetida, Salix alba, Anacardium occidentale, Cinnamomum, Taxus baccata.

Fauna

Nature's Wonderland

Meghalaya is a paradise to the botanists for its variedly rich concentration of interesting and valuable flora. It is also no less a happy hunting ground to the zoologists for its interesting, rare and diverse faunal wealth.

Meghalaya is considered by many biologists to have been the gateway through which many species of Indo-Chinese origin, particularly mammals, migrated to Peninsular India.

It is said that about 50% of the total number of mammal genera found in the entire Indian sub-continent can be seen in Meghalaya and its adjoining states in the North-East. Out of the above, nine genera of mammals, such as Tupaia, Rhizomys, Cannomys, Chiropodomys, Micromys etc occur only in Meghalaya and its adjacent areas.

Some of the most interesting animals found in Meghalaya are:

In the forests of Meghalaya, specially in lower altitudes, multifarious species of birds can be seen in abundance. Some of the common birds are:

Besides, hornbills including the Great Indian hornbill, florican, owl, black drongo and many other birds are also found.

Reptile population in Meghalaya includes lizards and snakes, poisonous and non-poisonous. Important ones are:

Besides mammals, birds and reptiles, Meghalaya has a number of amphibians and fishes and insects. Amphibians like frogs, toads etc. and fishes like rohu, mrigal, kalibaus, puti and many more of hill stream adaptation are found abundantly in Meghalaya. Among the insect population, ants, flies, bees, beetles are common.

Meghalaya's butterflies are world famous, among which are Blue Peacock, the Karserhed, the Orange Oak Leaf, the Dipper, the Bhutan Glory. It is for this exquisitely diverse, rare and wonderful animal life that Meghalaya is called a veritable Nature's Wonderland.

Mammals

The Feline Beauties

Civets-The Little Predators

Mongooses-The Smaller Hunters

In Meghalaya, the usual types of Mongooses found are:

The Scavenger Mammals

The Dog Family comprises Wolves, Jackals, Foxes and Dogs, all of which are found in Meghalaya. In Meghalaya, the Indian foxes commonly found. It lives in open country and seldom enters forest.

The Hefty Climbers

In Meghalaya, usually two species of bears are found-Sloth Bear and The Himalayan Black Bear.

The Weasel Family

The Weasel Family in Meghalaya comprises Weasels, Otters, Martens and Badgers. The Common Otter, Yellow Throated Marten and the Hog-Badger are commonly found.

The Supersonic Parachuted Animals

In Meghalaya, both vegetarian and carnivorous bats are found. Some bats dwell on trees, but their most usual shelter is the cave. Meghalaya's famous Siju Cave is very much infested with bats.

The Gnawing Animals

In Meghalaya, the most interesting rodents are:

Bulky Body, Subtle Mind

Goat-Antelopes

The Winged Bipeds

Amphibians, Reptiles & Fishes

The Winged Delights

Butterflies of Shillong and its Environs

List of Species

Taxonomic Arrangement
Order : Lepidoptera

Places of Interest

Tourist Places in Khasi Hills

Shillong Peak: An ideal picnic spot, 1965 metres above sea level and 10 kms from the city, offers a panoramic view of these country side, and is also the highest point in the State. Obeisance is paid to U Shulong at the sanctum at the peak's summit every springtime, by the religious priest of Mylliem State. In the evening the city lights below appear like a star-studded abyss. 

Sohpetbneng Peak: 1,343 meter, 20 Kms from Shillong, regarded as sacred by the Hynniewtrep people, is set amidst a beautiful scenic view against the backdrop of a sacred forest. This 'Navel of Heaven' as per Khasi mythology is a heavenly peak, which offers to fill the spiritual void and emptiness, to those who seek and desire solace and peace of mind.

Ward's Lake: Ward's Lake is century old picturesque lake also known as Polok Lake. Located in the heart of the city, popular for short garden walks and boating. The local people however prefer to call it Nan Polok (Polok's Lake) after an executive engineer named Mr. Pollock. It has a most pleasant, winding walk-a-way all around its parameter set in cobbled sand stones, in the midst of picturesque, rolling flower beds and fairyland lighting. The lake has a striking arched bridge over it.

Umiam Water Sports Complex: The Water Sports Complex has been developed upon the mighty reservoir of the Umiam Hydro Electric Project, at Umiam, 16 kilometres before reaching Shillong. The campus consists of a beautiful Orchid Lake Resort, the Nehru Park. Besides it offers a wide choice of exciting water sports activities with row-boats, paddle-boats, cruise-boats, sailing-boats, water-scooters, speed-boats and a floating restaurant with ferry services.

  Botanical Garden: A secluded but captivating spot with a plethora of indigenous and exotic plants and is located just below the Ward's Lake. It also houses a mini-aviary with rare and colourful species of birds. The secluded setting of the Botanical Garden with its well-laid paved walks makes it a favourite resort for city dwellers as well as tourists who desire to exercise their limbs.

Lady Hydari Park: Lady Hydari Park, stretching over a km is replete with roses and blossoms of exquisite hues and colours, is a feast to eyes. Owes its existence to Lady Hydari, the wife of an erstwhile Governor of Assam. It has an excellent mini zoo cum deer park.

Golf Course: Shillong Golf Course is considered to be the "Glen-eagle of the East" at the United States Golf Association Museum. The site where the Golf Course is located provides a scenic view. It was set in an undulating valley covered with thick groves of pine and rhododendron trees at an altitude of 5200 ft in 1898 as a 9 (nine) hole course and later converted into a 18 (eighteen) hole course in 1924 by Captain Jackson and C. K. Rhodes.

State Museum: The State Museum is located in the state central library premises with a good collection of artifacts of North Eastern India in general and Meghalaya in particular.

 Shillong Cathedral: As if to justify the desire of the British founding fathers of the city of Shillong to make it a little England, churches and cathedrals, large and small, have come up everywhere in the city. Some of these churches and cathedrals are so spacious and large that they can be easily accommodate a few thousand worshippers, at a time. Among such large churches of Shillong, mention can be made of the Shillong Cathedral, the Mawkhar Presbyterian Church, the jaiaw Presbyterian Church, the Laitumkhrah Presbyterian Church and the All Saints' Cathedral, as prominant landmarks of the City.
Churches of Shillong - a measure of  the religiosity of the Shillongites

Bishop and Beadon Falls: Both cascade down the same escarpment into a deep valley, the mass of water dissolving into misty sparks.

 Elephant Falls: 12 kms on the outskirts of the city the mountain stream descends through two successive falls set in dells of fern-covered rocks. At a short distance beyond the falls, there are two smaller falls which are none  the less beautiful and captivating. These are the Wei Iaplam Falls and the Wir Phang Falls. A  well paved footpath and a small wooden bridge facilitate access to these falls.

  Spread Eagle Falls:  Located within the Shillong Cantonment, on the outskirts of the city, lies a sparkling waterfall which looks like an eagle with wings spread. Hence the name Spread Eagle Falls. The falls is locally known as Urkaliar or the falls into which Ka Liar slipped. A soothing setting amidst the calmness of nature - a treat to the eyes.

 Sweet Falls: Situated near Happy Valley at a distance of about eight kilometers from Shillong. It resembles a straight pencil of water emerging from a large size water pipe, as it drops vertically over a distance exceeding two hundred feet. Most suitable for a day's outing and picnic, Explore it!  

Crinoline Falls: Located in the heart of the city adjacent to the Lady Hydari Park with its mini zoo, lies the Crinoline Falls which cascades through its jungle path. At the foot of the falls there is a well maintained Swimming Pool which caters to swimming enthusiast of all ages. Beside swimming there is an attached restaurant and regular evening programmes are arranged for the benefit of tourist and visitors. 

Diengiei Peak: Located to the west of the Shillong plateau, Diengiei Peak is just two hundred feet lower than Shillong peak. The peak presents a spectacular view of green mountainous hills. The captivating hills are dotted with tiny shining villages. Diengiei Peak is accessible by the Umiam-Union Christian College-Mawmaram motorable road which takes off from National Highway-40 at Umiam. Atop Diengiei, a visitor is greeted with a commanding view of the Umiam lake with the city of Shillong in the background. On the top of Diengiei, there is a huge hollow, shaped like a cup, which some geologists believe could be the crater of an extinct pre-historic volcano.  

Dwarksuid: An enigmatically beautiful pool with wide, rocky sand banks located on a stream alongside the Umroi-Bhoilymbong Road is known as Dwarksuid or Devil's doorway. Its lotus-like rock formations are captivatingly scenic and unforgettable.

 Kyllang Rock: Located about eleven kilometres off Mairang, is a steep dome of red granite rising to an elevation of about five thousand and four hundred feet above sea level. According to geologists, the hard red granite rock is several million years old. The rock is accessible from its northern and eastern flanks, but inaccessible from its southern flank where its slope exceeds 800 over an incline of about six hundred feet. The southern side of Kyllang Rock is encumbered with enormous detached blocks of rock, while its northern side is clothed with dense forests, containing age-old red Rhododendron trees and oaks besides bushy, white Rhododendron trees which are not found elsewhere. 

Natures own Museum - Sacred Forest Mawphlang: Only 4 km from Shillong, close to almost all large Khasi and Jaintia villages of yore, one finds a Forest-Grove variedly known as Ki Law Kyntang (Sacred forest), Ki Law Adong (Prohibited forest), Ki Law Shnong (Village forest) and Ki Law Kynti (Private forest). The sacred-groves which have been preserved since time immemorial, are in sharp contrast to their surrounding grasslands. These groves are generally rimmed by a dense growth of Castanopsis kurzii trees, forming a protective hedge which halts intrusion of Pinus kasia (Khasi pine) which dominates all areas outside the sacred groves. Inside the outer rim, the sacred groves are virtually Nature's Own Museum. The heavily covered grounds have a thick cushion of humus accumulated over the centuries. The trees in every sacred groveare heavily loaded with epiphytic growth of aroids, pipers, ferns, fern-allies and orchids. The humus-covered grounds likewise harbour myriad varieties of plant life, many of which are found nowhere else.

One of the most celebrated sacred-groves of the State is the grove at Mawphlang about 25 kilometres off Shillong. This particular grove has for long years been a reservoir of interest for eminent and internationally known botanists.

The sacred-groves which make a unique contribution to the flora of the State are undoubtedly of immense interest to all naturalists.

Cherrapunjee (Sohra): Better known as Sohra, Cherrapunjee is one of the most visited tourist spots of North Eastern India. Situated 56 Kms from Shillong and 1300 metres above sea level, known all over the world as the rainiest place on the planet. A pleasant drive to see roaring water falls leaping into deep gorges, including the famous Nohsngithiang falls is certainly an ever memorable visual treat. The lovely town is also famous for its limestone caves, orange, honey, a headquarter of the Syiem of Sohra and a Centre of the Khasi Culture and literature. The oldest Theological College in this region is located here, established by the Welsh Presbyterian Missionaries in 1888, known as Cherrapunjee Theological College. Extensive limestone caves abound, with a large number of stalagmites and stalactites inside, the full length and breadth of the caves has not been adequately explored. In addition, the natural beauty is complemented by springs and sacred forests.
12 Kms from Cherrapunjee is situated a beautiful Park 'Thangkharang'. Besides housing a bird sanctuary, the spot commands an imposing almost 180 degree view of the plains of Bangladesh. The ideal time to visit is during the monsoons when the gorges become resplendent with several seasonal waterfalls.

Noh Kalikai Falls: A few kilometres to the west of Sohra (Cherrapunji), a clear bubbling stream emerges from its steep mountain bed to hurl down a rocky precipice, into a deep gorge, creating a captivating view of breathtaking beauty. The cascading waterfall compares favourably with the well known Job Falls of South India.

Located near Cherrapunjee are the Kshaid Dain Thlen Falls or the falls where the mythical monster of Khasi legend was finally butchered. Thlen is the khasi name for a mega monster, which according to local legend and belief personifies the devil himself. Axes used by the people as they butchered the Thlen made deep scars on the surface of the flat rock where Thlen was butchered. These axe-marks are still intact and visible.

Mawsynram: 56 Kms from Shillong and is known for the Giant Stalagmite formation shaped into a "Shivalinga" and found inside a cave known locally as 'Mawjymbuin' One and half Kilometres off the right hand side of the Shillong Mawsynram - Balat - Ranikor Highway, very near Weiloi Village, once comes across a unique geological formation called "Symper Rock". It is an almost flat topped loaf-shaped rocky dome, which rises sharply from the midst of the surrounding hillocks.
From its base, one has to take an exciting uphill trek to reach the summit of the rock. From the top of the hill one can see the gorgeous surrounding hills and valleys and the plain and fast moving rivers of Bangladesh.
Jakrem: 64 Kms from Shillong, a potential health resort having gushing hot-spring of sulphur water, believed to have curative medicinal properties. People from all parts of the region flock to the hot-spring at Jakrem for bathing themselves in its waters. A well kept secret indeed. 

Ranikor: 140 Kms from Shillong, a place of scenic beauty. Ranikor is one of Meghalaya's most popular spots for angling, with an abundance of carp and other fresh water fish. Huge golden mahseers, the pride of the anglers are available here.

 Dawki: 96 Kms from Shillong, is a border town, where one can have a glimpse of the neighbouring country of Bangladesh. The colourful annual boat race during spring at the Umngot river is an added attraction.

Nongkhnum island - the hidden beauty of the west

Nongkhnum Island is the biggest River Island in Meghalaya and the second biggest island in Asia, after Majuli Island in Assam. Located about 14 Kms from Nongstoin, the district hqs. of West Khasi Hills, it is 20 to 25 sq. kms in area. Travelling on foot from Nongstoin through the villages of Lawse, Mawduh and Mawthar, it takes about two and a half-hours to reach the Island. There is a wooden bridge over the Weinia Fall to enter the Island.
The Island is formed by the bifurcation of Kynshi River into the Phanliang River and the Namliang River. At the point of divergence, there is a beautiful sandy shore about 100 sq. meters in area. The Phanliang River forms a beautiful lake adjacent to the sandy beach. This lake is about 400 to 500 sq. meters. The River then moves along and before reaching a deep gorge, forms a pretty fall about 60 meters high, called Shadthum Fall. At the bottom of the fall, there is a beautiful pool where a variety of fishes can be found. It then continues its journey and finally reunites with the Namliang River, near a place called Thongrin.

The Namliang River first flows towards the north and then changes its course towards the west. It then reaches a gorge and forms two narrow falls. The first one is called Riatsohkhe fall and is near Mawthar village. The second one is the wonderful and beautiful Weinia fall, which is about 60 meters high. The River then flows further west till it reunites with the Phanliang River on the western rocky shore and then flow towards the west. After a distance of about 10 kms from the Island, it reaches the deepest gorge and forms the longest fall in the region of about 335 to 340 meters high, called Langshiang fall.

The area surrounded by the two Rivers, i.e. Phanliang and Namliang forms the Nongkhnum Island. Within the Island, there are big trees and areas of grassland and natural playground suitable for playing football and golf and even for landing a helicopter. There are plenty of fishing pools, especially near the sandy shore, called Wei-Phanliang. Angling is the only way to enjoy as well as protect the fishes.

Tourist Places in Jaintia Hills

Jowai: Jowai, the headquarters of the Jaintia Hills district is situated 64 Kms away from the national highway. A picturesque town circled by the majestic Myntdu River.

 Thadlaskein Lake: 56 Kms from Shillong. According to legend this lake was dug with the ends of bows by members of 290 clans of U Sajiar Niangli, a rebel general of Jaintia Raja, to commemorate the great exodus of the clans. It is a historical lake and a beautiful spot for outing, boating and picnic.

Megalithic Remnants- Nartiang: 65 Kms from Shillong, was the summer capital of the Jaintia Kings, of Sutnga State. Huge monoliths, form the striking landmark of the village, said to be erected by Mar Phalyngki, a Goliath of yore. The Nartiang menhir measures 27 feet 6 inches in thickness. The monoliths represent the megalithic culture of the Hynniewtrep people. It is literally the Stonehenge of the Northeast of India. A 500 years old temple of Durga is another attraction at Nartiang. 

Syndai: An important village of Jaintia Hills which is famous for a number of caves and caverns in the limestone-borne area, used as hide-outs during war times between Jaintia Hills and foreign intruders.

  Syntu Ksiar: Syntu Ksiar, which means 'golden flower' is a vast pool of calm water, where the river Myntdu which almost encircles Jowai, appears to come to a sudden halt. At Syntu Ksiar, the Myntdu provides a memorable scene of remarkable beauty as it seemingly disappears for rest into thecalm of the mighty pool, and then, as if aroused from a momentary invigorating slumber, it runs its ever vibrant course, again.

Tourist Places in Garo Hills

Garo Hills known for its abundance of wildlife should interest naturalists and photographers to capture the variegated facets of life of a unique range of flora and fauna. Two mountain ranges - the Arabella range and the Tura range, pass through the Garo Hills, forming the great Balpakram valley in between. The headquarters town of Tura is 323 Kms via Guwahati, at an altitude of 657 Kms. The highest point is Nokrek Peak with elevation of 1412 metres.

Nokrek Peak: The highest point of the Garo Hills region of the State, Nokrek Peak stands fourteen hundred and twelve metres above sea level. A virgin canopy of thick, tall and lush green forests cover Nokrek and its environs. The mother germo plasm of Citrus-indica have been discovered by science researchers within Nokrek Range. This discovery led to the establishment of the National Citrus Gene Sanctuary-cum-Biosphere Reserve at Nokrek covering an area of forty seven square kilometres.

Nokrek can be reached from the Tura-Asanangre-Daribokgre Road. A comfortable three and a half kilometre trek from Daribokgre village leads a visitor to Nokrek Peak. Abundant wildlife including herds of wild elephants, rare varieties of birds and pheasants, besides rare orchids abound in the sanctuary.

Tura Peak: A majestic hill stands on the eastern flank of Tura, the largest town in the Garo Hills region ofthe State. It peaks eight hundred and seventy two metres above sea level over looking Tura. A tourist-bungalow, an observatory and a Cinchona-plantation are located at Tura Peak and its environs. A magnificent view of the lower Brahmaputra Valley as well as the golden yellow plains of Bangladesh is available all year round to viewers on Tura Peak. 

Imilchang Dare: A waterfall of immense visual beauty is to be found close to the Tura-Chokpot Road in West Garo Hills district. The stream on which it is located, flows through a deep, narrow winding bed of crevice rocks till it suddenly emerges on to a broad wide opening and cascades in a thick, wide formation, over a broad chasm, creating an electrifying waterfall of unique beauty. The deep, wide pool at the bottom of the fall with its wide and expansive surroundings make it an exciting swimming pool, full of fish of varied size and colour, besides being an ideal picnic spot.

Balpakram: A National Wildlife Park, located in South Garo Hills and 167 Kms from Tura. The literal meaning of Balpakram is the "land of perpetual winds". There is a great precipice or deep gorge in Balpakram and is popularly compared to the Grand Canyon of U.S.A. It is believed that here, the spirits of the dead dwell temporarily before embarking on the final journey. It is home to the rare Lesser Panda, the Indian bison and the Stag like Serow. A variety of medicinal herbs locally called "dikges" grow abundantly in Balpakram.

Naphak Lake: Located at a distance of 112 Kms from Tura, ideal for fishing and bird watching with the river Simsang flowing nearby. 

 Siju Caves: The famous limestone caves of Siju are located near Naphak Lake and the Simsang stalactites in these caves resemble those of the Blue Grotto in the Isle of Capri. For more details, please see the section on caves below.

The 'abode of the clouds' is the appropriate meaning of the 'Meghalaya'.   It is a compact and isolated state, lying on the northern border of Assam. 

SHILLONG

Shillong the capital, is a popular hill station, has a famous 18 hole golf course and a polo ground.  Lakes and water falls are other attractions of this town. 

Ward's lake, east of Police Bazar is an attractive place with facilities for boating. Umiam lake, 16 kilometers from Shillong is popular for fishing and boating.   

There are several falls around Shillong. The nearest are  the Beadon falls and Bishop's falls. Elephant falls, 12 kilometres away on the Shillong -Cherrapunji road, is a scenic spot with two high falls surrounded by fern covered rocks. Observation sheds are provided to get a good view. Best time to visit - June to October (rainy Season) Other falls are the Spread Eagle falls beyond the old polo ground and Sweet falls beyond happy valley.

The Shillong peak which is highest in the state is good for trekking. It is known as the 'abode of the gods' and has excellent views. The Kyllang rock, beyond Mairang off the Shillong - Nongstoin Road is a massive block of granite that rises to some 220 metres. The top offers a grand view of the valleys to the north especially during winter months. Near Mawsmai, there is a complete view of the high falls, Noh-sngi-thiang across a wide gorge. 

THE BUTTERFLY MUSEUM

It is at Wankhar and Co, Raiatsamthiah.  Visit : 1000 -1600.  It has a good display of mounted butterflies and beetles from India and abroad. The butterflies are breeded here as a conservatory measure.

THE CENTRAL MUSEUM

It is at Lachumiere,  Visit : 100 - 1600, Monday to Saturday except 2nd Saturday and all Government holidays.  Entry - free.  It has ethnographic and archaeological objects.

The tribal Research Institute, Mawali has indigenous specimens and articles of the tribal people.  It opens from 1000  to 1600, Monday to Saturday. Entry - free. 

Cascade County - Land of Silvery Cascades

Festivals - A Way of Life

Archery, Angling and Sports

Archery is another game of precision popular in Meghalaya. It is interesting to note that the only government sanctioned gambling is in this state and is organised around archery activities. It is known as 'Teer'.

Storehouse of Flora Exotica

A Golfer's Paradise

Beauty Spots Abound

Ward's Lake, located in the heart of Shillong, offers you a most pleasant beauty spot. The lake with gradually undulating grounds, hemmed in by lush greens, has a charming winding walk-a-way in the midst of rolling flowerbeds and fairyland lighting. The 100-year-old lake has a strikingly beautiful arched bridge. Boats of all sizes and shapes are available while the cafeteria provides you with refreshments. Other notable breathtaking beauty spots are Lady Hydari Park, St. Paul's Cathedral, Crinoline swimming pool, Botanical Gardens, Shillong Peak with a 180-degree view of the city.