LOCATIONWISE DISTRUBUTION

LOCATIONWISE DISTRUBUTION

THREATENED ANIMALS

IN INDIA

Class Mammalia.

Order : Primates
Family : Loridae

Loris tardigradus (Linnaeus)-Slender Loris

Scientific name: Loris tardigradus (Linnaeus) Order : Primates Family : Loridae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix II. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened. Common names : English - Slender Loris Marathi - Wanurmanushya Tamil - Kattupapa, Kattupullaye, Thevangu Telegu - Araweppa, Devangapilli Group : Loris Measurements: Head and Body – Male - 186 to 264 mm; Female - 198 to 249 mm. Body Weight: Male - 350 to 800 gm; Female - 270 to 800 gm. Head: Whitish Pointed muzzle. Large rounded ear. Close-set eyes encircled with brown-rings. Hands and Feet: Long and slender. Colour similar to that of body. Tail: No external tail. Body: Well-furred. Dark grey to reddish brown with an embellishment of silvery hairs on the back, white or buff on the undersurface. Range: India-Southern Andhra Pradesh, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere - Sri Lanka Habitat: Tropical rain forests, open woodland and swampy coastal forests. Threats: Destruction of habitat; Hunting for medicine. Similar species: Nycticebus coucang of North-eastern India. Arctocebus calabarensis of Africa. Indian subspecies : L. t. malabaricus, L. t. Lydekkeriamus

Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert)-Slow Loris

Scientific name: Nycticebus coucang (Boddaert) Order: Primates Family: Loridae Status: IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix II. Red Data Book (India) - Insufficiently known. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened. Common names: English - Slow Loris Hindi - Sharmilli Billi Bengali - Lajjabati Badar Group: Loris Measurements: Head and body - Male - 265 to 380 mm; Female - 268 to 335 mm. Body Weight: Male - 850 to 1670 gm; Female - 900 to 1320 gm. Head: Pale brown streak on the crown and back of head; face- pale brown to whitish with dark markings. Ear short. Eye large, round, forward directed, encircled with brown rings. Hands and feet: Stout. Colour variable. Second toe clawed, other toes furnished with flat nails. Tail: Stumpy, hidden in the fur. Body: Dense coat. Variable colour, Flanks and rump rusty or buff or ashy grey. A distinct brown stripe, marking the middle line of back and terminating on the crown. Range: India - North-eastern India. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Kampuchia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat: Tropical rain forest. Threats: Hunting for medicine; Trades; Fragmentation and loss of habitat. Similar species: Loris tardigradus of Sri Lanka and South India. Indian subspecies: N. c. bengalensis.

Family : Cercopithecidae

Macaca arctoides (Geoffroy)-Stump-tailed Macaque

Scientific name: Macaca arctoides (Geoffroy) Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae STATUS: IWPA - Schedule II. CITES - Appendix II. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. Red Data Book (International) - Vulnerable. U.S.ESA - Threatened. Common names: English - Stump-tailed Macaque Assamese - Mawka Naga - Chantee Group: Monkey Measurements: Head and body - Male - 480 to 700 mm; Female - 495 to 585 mm. Tail - Male - 41 to 100 mm; Female - 10 to 61 mm. Body weight: 6 to 18 kg. Head: Radiating crown hairs. Blotched red face. Bald forehead. No beard. Hands and feet: Thickset and brown in colour. Tail: Stumpy, thinly haired. Body: Dorsal pelage dark chestnut but varies from blackish to burnt orange, often grizzled with age. Chest and belly thinly haired and paler than back. Hairs on nape shoulder and back shaggy; shorter on loins. Range: India - North-eastern India. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, China, Kampuchia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat : Thickly wooded areas up to 2400 m. altitude as well as cultivated fields and villages. Threats: Loss of habitat; Hunting; Military activities. Similar species : Macaca thibetana of Eastern Tibet and Szechuan to Kwantung, China Indian subspecies : M. a. arctoides

Macaca fascicularis (Raffles)-Crab-eating Macaque

Scientific name: Macaca fascicularis (Raffles) Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae Status: IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix II. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened Common names: English - Crab-eating Macaque Group: Monkey Measurements: Head and Body - Male - 361 to 648 mm; Female - 315 to 530 mm. Tail - Male - 360 to 670 mm; Female - 325 to 550 mm. Body weight: Male - 3.5 to 9.5 Kg; Female - 2.5 to 5.7 kg. Head: Heavy head. Backwardly directed short crown hairs. Pinkish face. Ear erect, pointed and bare. Skin around eyes and across the nose naked. Whiskers long, bushy and forming a whorl in front of eyes. Beard present. White patch above upper eyelids in Nicobar population. Hands and feet: Thick. Colour variable and similar to back, but inner surface ashy grey to silvery white. Tail: Cylindrical, above blackish, becoming paler near tip. Body: Colour variable; dorsum reddish brown, ochraceous rufous, greyish or blackish brown, drabber on sides. Venter ashy grey or silvery white. Range: India - Nicobar Islands. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, Indonesia, Kampuchia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat: Tropical rain forests and mangrove forests. Some colonies near human settlements in the vicinity of forests. Threats: Fragmented population; Loss of habitat, human interference; predation. Similar species: Macaca radiata of Peninsular India. Macaca sinica of Sri Lanka. Indian subspecies : M. f. umbrosa

Macaca nemestrina (Linnaeus)-Pig-tailed Macaque

Scientific name: Macaca nemestrina (Linnaeus) Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae Status: IWPA - Schedule II. CITES - Appendix II. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. IUCN - Data Deficient. Common names: English - Pig-tailed Macaque Naga - Kangh Group: Monkey Measurements: Head and body - Male - 508 to 775 mm; Female - 400 to 567 mm. Tail - Male - 160 to 281 mm; Female - 137 to 200 mm. Body weight: Male - 6.2 to 14.5 kg; Female - 4.5 to 10.8 kg. Head: Crown hairs short, brown to blackish, radiating to form a whorl centered at the vertex. Face pinkish brown, sparsely covered with hairs. Whiskers long, pale ochraceous buff and concealing the ears in Indian population. Hands and feet: Thick. Yellowish brown to golden brown. Tail: Small, slender. Blackish above, buff below. Body: Dorsum yellowish to golden brown grizzled and with variably develop blackish patch or spinal band. Flanks light olive. Venter thinly haired, yellowish brown to greyish white. Range: India - Eastern and North-eastern India Elsewhere - Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Kampuchia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat: Mainly dense evergreen forests at the base of hills. Threats: Habitat destruction; Domestication for harvesting coconut; Hunting for flesh and medicinal purposes. Similar species: Macaca assamensis of North-eastern India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and further east. Indian subspecies : M. n. leonine

Macaca silenus (Linnaeus)-Lion-tailed Macaque

Scientific name: Macacca silenus (Linnaeus) Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae Status: IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Endangered. U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English - Lion-tailed Macaque Hindi - Siah Bandar Bengali - Nil Bandar Kannarese - Singalika Malayalum - Nellamanthi Tamil - Karim kurangu,Arakkan Telegu - Kondamachu Group : Monkey Measurements : Head and body - Male - 508 to 610 mm; Female - 415 to 481 mm. Tail - Male - 254 to 386 mm; Female - 254 to 318 mm. Body Weight : Male - 3.15 to 6.75 kg; Female - 2.28 kg. Head: Crown and face blackish. Frontal hairs directed backwards; hairs on vertex radiating to form a whorl. Massive greyish-white ruff on either side of face, meeting below the chin. Hands and feet: Black Tail : Tufted at the tip. Body: Dense glossy black dorsal pelage; venter thinly haired and greyish brown to brown in colour. Ischial collosities pink. Range: India - Endemic to South India in Western Ghats between latitudes 9.30' N to 15. N. Maximum concentration is at Kadremukh, Brahmagiri, Mukambika, Talakaveri, Pushpagiri, Someshwara, Nilgiri Hills, Anaimalai Hills, Cardamom Hills and Periyar Lake. Habitat: Dense evergreen or semi evergreen rain forests of high trees between 800 to 1300 m. altitude. Also tea and cardamom plantations interspersed with undisturbed or selectively felled evergreen forests. Threats: Cutting of forests for plantation; Habitat fragmentation; Hunting for food and medicine. Similar species: Macaca tonkeana and M. nigra of Sulawesi. Indian subspecies: No subspecies. However, population on the Wynaad plateau is little bigger than that of Anamalai Hills.

Trachypithecus geei (Khajuria)-Golden Langur

Scientific name: Trachypithecus geei (Khajuria) Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae Status: IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. Red Data Book (International) - Data Deficient. IUCN - Critically Endangered (Nationally), Data Deficient(Globally). U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names: English - Golden Langur Hindi - Sunhala Langur Bhutanese - Sugrib Group: Langur Measurements: Head and Body - Male - 640 to 720 mm; Female - 488 to 610 mm. Tail - Male - 780 to 940 mm; Female - 710 to 805 mm. Body weight: Male - 10 to 12 kg; Female - 9.5 kg. Head: Rich golden in colour but face black and without any hair. A pale beard and long forehead with hairs radiating backwards and sideways. Hands and feet: Long, tips flesh coloured, rest similar to that of back. Tail: Very long; colour similar to body. Slightly tasseled. Body: Coat soft, golden to creamy buff coloured, brighter in the region of neck, shoulder and hindquarter. Range: India - Himalayan foothills in Goalpara Kokrajhar and Dhubri districts of Assam. Introduced in Tripura. Elsewhere - Bhutan. Habitat: Dense tropical deciduous as well as evergreen forests of hills with Sal as dominant species. Threats: Large scale logging; Fragmented populations; Hunting; Influx of refugees. Similar species: Trachypithecus pileatus of Assam and South-east Asia. Indian Subspecies: No subspecies.

Trachypithecus johnii (Fischer)-Nilgiri Langur

Scientific name: Trachypithecus johnii (Fischer) Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidoe Status: IWPA - Schedule I. CITIES - Appendix II. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. IUCN – Vulnerable Common names : English - Nilgiri Langur Coorgi - Kari-mushya Malayalum - Vella manthi Tamil - Manthi, Karumanthi, Karum kurangi Group : Langur Measurements : Head and Body - Male - 508 to 700 mm; Female - 550 to 600 mm. Tail - Male - 680-965 mm; Female - 720-800 mm. Body Weight : Male - 9.1 to 13.2 kg; Female - 10.9 to 11.3 kg. Head: Hairs long and non-radiating; Yellowish brown with black face. Hands and feet: Long, jet black; female with a whitish patch on the inner side of thigh. Tail: Very long, black with light grizzling at the base. Body: Glossy black or uniformly buff; rump may be grizzled. Old ones have white hairs on the back and rump. Range: Endemic to southern India. Western Ghats, south of Coorg (Karnataka), Nilgiri and Palni Hills (Tamil Nadu), Anaimalai, Brahmagiri and Cardamon Hills (Kerala). Habitat : Tropical moist evergreen and moist deciduous forests between 900 - 1200 m. altitudes. Threats: Habitat destruction; Hunting for food and folk medicine. Similar species : None Indian subspecies : No subspecies

Trachypithecus phayrei (Blyth)-Phayre's Leaf Monkey

Scientific name: Trachypithecus phayrei (Blyth) Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae Status: IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix II. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. Red Data Book (International) - Data Deficient. IUCN - Endangered (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally). Common names : English - Phayre's Leaf Monkey Hindi - Chasma bander Bengali - Dadhimukha Group : Langur Measurements: Head and body - Male - 400 to 600 mm; Female - 442 to 570 mm. Tail - Male - 648 to 858 mm; Female - 720 to 795 mm. Body weight: Male - 5.6 to 9 kg; Female - 5.6 to 7.5 kg. Head: Crown hairs elongated, may or may not form a crest. Dark ashy brown, face more blackish but areas around eyes and lips white. Whiskers long, concealing the ears. Brow hairs erect and black. Hands and Feet: Upper arms with silvery lustre, extremities dark. Tail: Very long, tip darker than the rest. Body: Dorsum grey to blackish grey with some glistening hairs; breast, throat tinged with buff; abdomen greyish white. Female with pale inguinal patch below ischial callosities. Range: India - Tripura, south Cachar in Assam and probably Mizoram. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, China, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat: Sal and evergreen forests along with bamboo and banana plantations in the hill slopes. Threats: Fragmentation of population; Loss of habitat; Hunting. Similar species: None Indian subspecies: P. p. phayrei

Trachypithecus pileatus (Blyth)-Capped Langur

Scientific name: Trachypithecus pileatus (Blyth) Order: Primates Family: Cercopithecidae Status: IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. Red Data Book (International)-Vulnerable. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened. U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English - Capped Langur, Capped Monkey, Bonneted Langur Group : Langur Measurements : Head and body - Male - 533 to 710 mm; Female - 490 to 670 mm. Tail - Male - 859 to 1040 mm; Female - 750 to 955 mm. Body weight: Male - 11.5 to 14 kg; Female - 9.5 to 11.3 kg. Head: Thick mat of grey to brown hairs on crown; face black; whiskers long, pale fulvous to golden brown, partly concealing the ears. Hands and feet: Dusky brown to blackish brown or even black, sides grey to blackish grey. Tail: Very long, blackish at the distal two thirds, grey to blackish grey at the proximal half. Body: Dorsum grey to blackish grey; sides of neck and ventral surface fulvous to golden red, sometimes grey. Range: India - North-eastern India. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, China, Myanmar. Habitat: Moist deciduous and evergreen hilly forests at 60 to 1525 m. altitudes. Threats: Loss of habitat; Hunting; Trade. Similar species : Trachypitheus geei of Assam and Bhutan. Indian subspecies : T. p. pileatus T. p. brahma T. p. durga T. p. tenebricus

Family : Hylobatidae

Hylobates hoolock (Harlon)-Hoolock Gibbon

Scientific name: Hylobates hoolock (Harlon) Order: Primates Family: Hylobatidae Status: IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Endangered. IUCN - Endangered. U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English - Hoolock Gibbon Hindi - Uluk Adi - Ulu Bandar Assamese - Hulu Bengali - Ulluk Group : Gibbon, Lesser Ape Measurements : Head and body - 456 to 630 mm. Body weight : Male - 6.1 to 7.9 kg; Female - 6.0 to 6.6 kg. Head: Small and round. Colour black with silver white band above eye brows. Hands and feet: Very long, particularly the arms which are double the length of legs. Black. Tail: Absent. Body: Fur shaggy, long and dense. Adult males and young females black, while adult females gold, buff or brown. Range: India - South of the river Brahmaputra and east of river Dibong in north-eastern India. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, China, Myanmar. Habitat: Evergreen, semi-evergreen and moist deciduous forests mainly along hill slopes. Threats: Fragmented populations; Destruction of habitat; Hunting for food and medicine. Similar species: Hylobates lar of Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand. Indian subspecies : H. h. hoolock

Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae

Canis lupus (Linnaeus)-Indian Wolf

Scientific name: Canis lupus (Linnaeus) Order: Primates Family: Canidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I, Indian Subspecies Red Data Book (India) - C.I.chanco - Not sufficiently known,C.I.pallipes - Vulnerable. IUCN - C.I.chanco - Not Evaluated, C.I.pallipees - Lower Risk Near Threatened. U.S.ESA - Endangered in U.S.A. (48 Countries), Threatened in Minnesota. Common names : English - Wolf Hindi - Bheriya,Bighana,Nekra Bengali - Nekre Bagh Ladaki - Chanco Kanarese - Tola Kashmiri - Ratnakin Sindhri - Bagyar Telugu - Taralu Measurements : Head and body - 900 to 1050 mm. Tail - 350 to 400 mm. Height at shoulder - 650 to 750 mm. Body weight: 18 to 27 kg. Head: Arching brows, elevated forehead. Ears prominant. Broad snout with large nose pad. Sometimes whitish markings below and between the eyes. Upper lip buff coloured. Hands and feet: Long. Forelegs very strong. Almost whitish. Often a vertical dark band on foreleg. Tail: Bushy. Darker on upper surface and often black-tipped. Body: Colour variable; above blackish or greyish fulvous with a brownish or reddish tinge, sometimes mixed with black. Undersurface dirty white or bright buff to grey. Range: India - Jammu and Kashmir, southwards to Karnataka and eastwards to West Bengal and Arunachal Pradesh. Elsewhere - North America; Europe; northern, central and south-western Asia. Habitat: Occurs in almost all sorts of habitats; in India more common in bare open regions and in barren uplands of the Himalayas. Threats: Human interference; Hunting; Poisoning to protect domestic stocks; Hybridization; Trade. Similar species: Canis aureus of India and adjacent countries. Indian subspecies : C. l. pallipes C. l. chanco

Vulpes vulpes pusilla (Blyth)-Desert Fox

Scientific name : Vulpes vulpes pusilla (Blyth) Order : Carnivora Family: Canidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I as Vulpes leucopus. CITES - Appendix III. Red Data Book ( India ) - Vulnerable. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened ( Nationally ), Data Defficient( Globally ). Common names : English - Indian Desert Fox, White-footed Fox Hindi - Lumri, Lokri Sindhri - Lumri, Lokri Group : Fox Measurements : Head and Body - 482 to 565 mm. Tail - 308 to 435 mm. Body weight : 2.2 kg to 3.6 kg. Head : Long narrow muzzle; pointed ears. Upper half of back of ear black, whitish below and on edges.Crown and face usually rufous; normally a dark spot in front of each eye. Hands and feet : Short legs. Inside of forelimbs and whole anterior surface of hindlimb whitish.Iron grey or simply rufous on the outside. Tail : Rufous above, slightly paler on sides and below; terminal portion pure white. Body : Fur soft and thick particularly in winter. Colour variable, back more or less rufous, speckled with white, sometimes it is brownish yellow to rusty red. Lower parts slaty or purplish grey to blackish, abdomen paler. Usually a pale patch on each side of back behind the shoulder and the cross stripe in front of these patches well-marked. Range : India - Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan. Elsewhere - Iraq, Iran, Pakistan. Habitat : Barren desert and semidesert areas up to 2000 m. Threats: Hunting for food; Commercial exploitation. Similar species : Vulpes bengalensis

Family : Ursidae

Helarctos malayanus(Raffles)-Malayan Sun Bear

Scientific name : Helarctos malayanus (Raffles) Order : Carnivora Family: Ursidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Endangered. Red Data Book (International) - Data Deficient. IUCN - Data Deficient (Nationally), Data Defficient (Globally). Common names : English - Malayan Sun Bear, Malaya Bear, Honey Bear. Group : Bear Measurements : Head and body - 1100 to 1400 mm. Height at shoulder - About 700 mm. Tail - 50 cm. Body weight : 27 - 65 kg. Head : Crown including ears blackish. Muzzle short, light brown, greyish or beige to white around the eyes. Hands and feet : Very strong, black or pale brown in colour. Paws large; claws dark brown or grey; long, pointed and strongly arched. Tail : Very small, black. Body : Hair short and fine. Glossy black or dark brown. A crescentic, oval or heart-shaped, white, yellow or orange patch on the chest. A whorl of rosette on each shoulder, where hair radiates in all directions. Range : India - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Meghalaya. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat : Tropical and subtropical hill forests. Threats : Loss of habitat; Hunting for food and medicine; Trade. Similar species : None Indian subspecies : H. m. malayanus

Ursus arctos isabellinus( Hors field )-Himalayan Brown Bear

Scientific name : Ursus arctos isabellinus (Horsfield) Order : Carnivora Family: Ursidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Endangered. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened ( Nationally ), Data Defficient (Globally ) as Ursus arctos Common names : English - Himalayan Brown Bear Hindi - Lal Bhalu, Safed Bhalu, Siale Reech, Barf ka Reech. Kashmiri - Hanput Ladhaki - Drinmor Group : Bear Measurements : Head and body - Male - 1500 to 2200 mm; Female - 1370 to 1830 mm. Tail - About 75 mm. Height at shoulder - 800 to 950 mm. Body weight : 90 - 115 kg. Head : Short and thick neck, pointed muzzle, broad concave ' dish ' face, short rounded ear covered with long hairs. Colour same as back or lighter, but muzzle always slightlypaler being grey or tan. Buff or white lower lip. Hands and feet : Strong and thick. Same in colour as back or darker. Heel of the front hairy. Front claws much larger than the back, straight or slightly curved, either uniformly white or pale yellow. Tail : Very short, like a stump. Body : Prominent shoulder hump. Winter fur very long, thick, shaggy and soft with woolly underfur. Colour sandy to reddish-brown, but varies individually and seasonally from dark to light; white tips to the hair may give the coat a silvery tinge. Usually a highly variable white, cream or buffy collar across the shoulder. Range : India - North-western and central Himalayas. Elsewhere - Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Iraq, Iran, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Syria, former USSR and Turkey. Habitat : Temparate forest, tropical pine forest and also in dry temparate forest of Himalayas. Threats : Decline in prey species; Hunting; Hunting for medicine; Domestic and international trade of parts particularly of gall bladder. Similar species : Ursus americanus of USA, Canada, Mexico.

Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier )-Red Panda

Scientific name : Ailurus fulgens (Cuvier) Order : Carnivora Family: Ursidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix II. Red Data Book (India) - Endangered. Red Data Book (International) - Endangered. IUCN - Vulnerable(Nationally), Data Defficient(Globally). Common names : English - Lesser Panda, Red Panda, Cat-bear, Himalayan racoon. Bhutia - Woker, Wakdonga Lepcha - Sankam Group : Panda Measurements : Head and body - 510 to 640 mm. Tail - 280 to 480 mm. Body weight : 3 to 4 kg. Head : Rounded with large erect and pointed ears, stumpy muzzle. Dark-coloured eye patches. Face and lower lip white, red stripe from just above the eye to the gape. Back of ears reddish brown to black. Hands and feet : Limbs reddish brown to black. Hairysoled short legs. Semi-retractile claws. Soles light brown or whitish. Tail : Rusty red with several pale rings; tip black. Body : Fur long and thick. Back rusty red, varying in tint, middle of the back frequently paler. Lower parts black, but often brownish on the abdomen. Range : India - Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Sikkim, West Bengal (Darjeeling). Elsewhere - Bhutan, China, Myanmar, Nepal. Habitat : Temparate forests at elevations from 1500 m to 3500 m. Threats : Hunting; Loss of habitat; Fragmentation of habitat; Trade. Similar species : None Indian subspecies : A. f. fulgens

Family : Mustelidae

Amblonyx cinereus ( Illiger )-Asian Small-clawed otter

Scientific name : Amblonyx cinereus (Illiger) Order : Carnivora Family: Mustelidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix II. Red Data Book ( India ) - Vulnerable. IUCN - Not Evaluated Common names : English -Asian Small clawed Otter, Clawless Otter. Hindi - Ud, Udbilao, Jalmanus, Panikutta. Bengali - Oudh Kannarese - Neer nai Malayalum - Neer nai Marathi - Pan manjar Oriya - Odho Tamil - Neer nai Telugu - Neru kuka Group : Otter Measurements : Head and body - 405 to 635 mm. Tail - 245 to 350 mm. Body weight : 2.7 to 5.65 kg. Head : Short, rounded. Burnt amber to dusky brown, but cheeks, upper lip, chin whitish or white. Nose pad pink or dusky, upper border convex to peaked. Hands and feet : Colour same as back but paws and upper part of forelegs paler. Claws rudimentary and sometimes wanting altogether. Tail : Colour similar to back. Proximal part very thick and flat, tapering towards tip. Body : Velvety hair. Colour highly variable, generally drabby lustrous brown above, tawnier brown below, but throat and sides of the neck whitish. Range : India - Discontinuously distributed. Himalayan foothills from Kulu to North-East Hill States; in plains of Assam, West Bengal; hill ranges of Karnataka, Goa, Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Indonesia, Kampuchia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat : Lower slopes of hills as well as plains adjacent to waterbodies. Threats : Trade; Habitat destruction. Similar species : Lutra lutra and L. perspicillata of India and many south-east Asian countries. Indian subspecies : A. c. cinereus A. c. concolor A. c. nirnai

Arctonyx collaris ( Cuvier )-Hog Badger

Scientific name : Arctonyx collaris (Cuvier) Order : Carnivora Family: Mustelidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Insufficiently known. IUCN - Data Deficient. Common names : English - Hog Badger Hindi - Bahla Sur Kuki - Nulaong Manipuri - No-ok Naga - Chom-hurho, Thembakso Group : Badger 550 to 700 mm. Tail - 120 to 170 mm. Head : Whitish except a dark brown or black band from upper lip over the eye and ear, and another from the chin, which is dusky, backwards across the cheek, joined by a broader and lighter brown band to the eye andear stripe. However, these head markings are variable. Long, truncated, naked snout. Hands and feet : Stumpy legs, long powerful digging claws. Dusky to black in colour. Claws pale coloured. Tail : Whitish, slightly bushy. Body : Dirty grey above and below, slightly washed with blackish above. Hairs sullied white throughout except the longer hairs on sides and back,which are black.Throat and sides of neck whitish. Ranges : India - North-eastern India. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar to Vietnam. Habitat : Stoney ground or small hills amongst tropical forests. Threats : Destruction of habitat; Hunting for pelt. Similar species : None Indian subspecies : A. c. collaris A. c. consul

Mellivora capensis ( Schreber )-Honey Badger, Ratel

Scientific name :Mellivora capensis (Schreber) Order :Carnivora Family: Mustelidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix III ( Ghana and Botswana populations ). Red Data Book ( India ) - Insufficient by known. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened ( Nationally ), Data Deficient ( Globally ). Common names : English - Ratel, Honey Badger Hindi - Bizzo, Bajra, Bal, Bol-rencha Gujarati - Ghurnar Kanarese - Tarakaradi Sindh - Gorpat Tamil - Tarakaradi Telegu - Bigu, Khawar Group : Ratel 550 to 770 mm. Tail - 150 to 300 mm. Height at shoulder - 250 to 300 mm. Body weight : 7 to 10 kg. Head :Broad with short square muzzle; naked nose pad large and black. Eyes small. Ear flap reduced to a thickened ridge. Colour pattern similar to body. Hands and feet :Black but fore claws white. Forelimbs powerfully built and bowed inwards. Forepaws large, adapted to digging. Digit No.2 to5 bearing strong bear-like claws and 2 to 4 strongly webbed. Tail :Small, colour similar to body, but tip entirely black. Body : No underfur, abdomen thinly clad. Hair coarse. Upper parts rusty-grey or silvery grey to pale yellow and may be pure white on the crown. Sides and underparts blackish. Ranges : India - Base of the Himalayas to Kannyakumari. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Nepal, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, former USSR and Iemen. Habitat :Desert and dry as well as moist deciduous zones in hilly broken country. Also the plains along streams and rivers. Threats : Human interference; Loss of habitat; Trade. Similar species : None Indian subspecies :M. c. indica M. c. inauarita

Mustela erminea ferghanae( Thomas )-Ermine, Stoat

Scientific name : Mustela ermina ferghanae (Thomas) Order : Carnivora Family: Mustelidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix III. Red Data Book ( India ) - Insufficiently known. IUCN - Data Deficient. Common names : English - Ermine, Stoat Group : Weasel Measurements : Head and body - 190 to 230 mm. Tail - 70 to 90 mm. Head : Muzzle short, convex above. Nose pad naked and black. Colour pattern similar to body. Hands and feet : Soles covered with hairs except the toe-pads. Fore and hind paws always white, otherwise colour pattern similar to body. Tail : Tail conspicuously black at tip, terminal hairs long, often forming a tuft. Body : Fur soft with woolly underfur.Colour above in straight typically darker or lighter, dull, fawn brown; white or yellowish below thus sharply contrasting with the dorsum. Colour in winter typically all white. Range : India - Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir. Elsewhere - Afghanistan, Pakistan, former USSR. Habitat : Alpine and subalpine scrub zones in the Himalayas, in winter down to drier valley regions. Threats : Not known. Similar species : None

Family : Viverridae

Arctictis binturong ( Raffles )-Binturong

Scientific name : Arctictis binturong (Raffles) Order : Carnivora Family :Viverridae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix III. Red Data Book (India)-Endangered. IUCN -Data Deficient. Common names : English - Binturong, Bear cat Assamese - Young Group : Palm Civet Measurements : Head and body - 610 to 960 mm. Tail - 560 to 890 mm. Head : Long, blackish in colour, finely speckled with grey and buff; often there is a subterminal grey or rufous grey ring on the longer hairs; edges of ears and whiskers white. Ears tufted. Hands and feet : Black, outside of forelimbs grizzled. Tail : Prehensile. Very thick at the base, clothed with bristly, long, straggling hairs. Colour almost similar to back. Body : Fur coarse.Black,sometimes grizzled,often with grey, fulvous or buff tips. Range : India - Sikkim to Arunachal Pradesh. Elsewhere - Bhutan, Myanmar, Nepal and most of south-eastern Asian countries. Habitat : Dense, tropical foot-hill forests. Threats : Hunting; Loss of habitat. Similar species : None Indian subspecies : A. b. albifrons

Viverra civettina ( Blyth )-Malabar Civet

Scientific name :Viverra civettina (Blyth) Order :Carnivora Family:Viverridae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix III . Red Data Book (India)-Endangered. IUCN - Critically Endangered. U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English - Malabar Civet Kannada - Male meru, Balkutru Malayalum - Jawad Tamil - Jawad Group : Civet Measurements : Head and body - 750 to 800 mm. Tail - 320 to 350 mm. Body weight : 8 kg. Head : Grey; base of ears little darker; dark mark on the cheek. Muzzle pointed. Hands and feet : Dark to brown. Soles almost naked. Tail : Incompletely ringed with dark bands and whitish interspaces, but tip black. Body : Fur coarse. Grey tawny or yellowish with a crest of black hairs or bristles on the back from neck to tail tip.Large black spots on the flank but without any pattern. Two obliquely transverse dark lines on whitish neck. Chin brown. Under surface pale brown to whitish. Range : India - Endemic to South India. Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu. Probably also in Goa and Maharashtra. Habitat : Lowland riparian forests of plains and foot hills. Threats : Hunting; Loss of habitat due to fragmentation; Predation by domestic dog. Similar species : Viverricula indica, Viverra zibetha and Viverra megaspila of India and South east Asian Countries. Indian subspecies : None

Prionodon pardicolor ( Hodgson )-Spotted Linsang

Scientific name : Prionodon pardicolor (Hodgson) Order : Carnivora Family: Viverridae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India)-Endangered. IUCN - Vulnerable (Nationally),Data Deficient(Globally).U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English - Spotted Linsang, Tiger Civet Bhutia - Zik chum Lepcha - Suilya, Situ Group : Civet Measurements : Head and body - 350 to 370 mm. Tail - 310 to 340 mm. Body weight : 450 to 562 gm. Head : Golden yellow on the upper face,white below. Pointed snout. Frequently a black spot behind each ear. Hands and feet : Pale brown, unspotted, but near the body spotted outside. Tail : With eight to ten black bands alternating with yellow rings, all passing right round the tail and subequal in breadth. Coat : Fulvous, with large black spots above, whitish or unspotted below. Four bands down neck,two on each side, two broader above from behind the ears to between shoulders,others lower down and more broken into spots;the two upper bands continued as row of large rounded spots down to the back, a row of smaller irregular spots intervening, and about three more rows of spots, down each side. Range : India - Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Sikkim and most of the other north-eastern states. Elsewhere - Bhutan, China, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,Nepal,Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat : Mountain and hill forests up to 2700 m. Threats : Hunting; Loss of habitat; Fur trade. Similar species : None Indian subspecies : P. p. pardicolor

Family : Felidae

Prionailurus bengalensis ( Kerr )-Leopard Cat

Scientific name : Prionailurus bengalensis (Kerr) Order : Carnivora Family: Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I as F.b.bengalensis otherwise Appendix II. Red Data Book (India)-Vulnerable. Red Data Book(International) - Endangered. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened (Nationally),Data Deficient(Globally). Common names : English - Leopard Cat Hindi - Chita billi Bengali - Ban biral Marathi - Wagati Group : Cat Measurements : Head and body - 445 to 1070 mm. Tail - 230 to 440 mm. Body weight : 3 to 7 kg. Head : Relatively small, with a short, narrow muzzle.Two narrow cheek stripes enclosing a white area between them; two white and four black stripes running up from the inner corners of eyes. Chin white.Nose pad brick colored. Ears long, rounded, back of ears black with a central white spot. Hands and feet : Spotted;usually two dark bands inside the forearm. Retractile claws. Soft padded. Tail : Spotted above and indistinctly ringed towards the buffy tip. Body : Ground colour variable; above ochre, bright buff or yellowish with black or rusty spots.Head stripes break up into elongated spots on shoulder.Underparts white and marked with black spots. Range : India - Throughout the country in the forested tracts. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, Bhutan,Brunei,China, Indonesia, Japan, Kampuchea, Korea,Laos,Malaysia,Myanmar, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, U.S.S.R., Habitat : Grassland, scrub, wet and moist forests. Threats : Trade; Loss of habitat; Human interference. Similar species : Prionailurus viverrinus of Indian subcontinent and other south-east Asian countries. Indian subspecies : F. b. horsfieldi F. b. trevelyani

Prionailurus rubiginosus( Geoffroy )-Rusty-spotted Cat

Scientific name : Prionailurus rubiginosus (Geoffroy) Order :Carnivora Family:Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Insufficiently known. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened. Common name : English - Rustyspotted Cat Group : Cat Measurements : Head and body - 350 to 480 mm. Tail - 150 to 250 mm. Body weight : 1.6 to 1.8 kg. Head : Short and rounded. Two white streaks from the inner edge of the eye towards the crown;several dark stripes on the forehead , and two dark streaks on each cheek.Chin and cheek whitish. Nose pad pink. Ears short and rounded; back of ear rufous grey with dark tips and lighter basal spot. Hands and feet : Short with obscure markings.Padded, soles black. Innerside of legs white with dark spots. Tail : Without any pattern; more rufous than body. Body : Coat short and soft. Grizzled grey with a rufous tinge, and marked with brown or rusty bars and spots arranged in more or less regular lines. Belly white with dark spots. Range : India - Andhra Pradesh, Gujarat, Jammu and Kashmir, Maharashtra, Pondicherry, Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere - Sri Lanka. Habitat : Scrub, dry grassland, open country as well as humid mountain forests. Threats : Hybridization; Road kills. Similar species : Prionailurus bengalensis of Indian subcontinent,Thailand,China and many other adjacent countries. Indian subspecies : P. r. rubiginosus

Prionailurus viverrinus ( Bennett )-Fishing Cat

Scientific name : Prionailurus viverrinus (Bennett) Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I .CITES - Appendix II . Red Data Book (India)- Vulnerable . Red Data Book (International) - Lower Risk Near Threatened. IUCN - Vulnerable (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally) . Common names :English - Fishing Cat Hindi- Banbiral, Baraun,Khupyabagh,Bagh-dasha Bengali - Mach-Biral Group : Cat Measurements : Head and body - 700 to 860 mm. Tail - 250 to 330 mm. Height at shoulder - 380 to 410 mm. Body weight : 7.7 to 15 kg. Head : Big and broad.Face long. 6 to 8 dark lines run from forehead.Two longitudinal black stripes on each cheek. Nose pad brownish. Backof ears black with a conspicuous white spot. Hands and feet : Short.Fore limb with two distinct elbow bars. Fore feet with moderately developed interdigital webs. Claws sheath small, not enclosing the retracted claws completely. Tail : Thick, marked with incomplete rings. Tip black. Body : Coat short and coarse.Above grizzled grey or tinged withbrown. Elongated darkspots, arranged in longitudinal rows and extending over the entire body.Dark lines of forehead extended to the neck. Belly whitish, marked with spots. Range : India - Discontinuous in distribution; forests in Himalayas up to 1525 m. altitudes, West Bengal, Orissa and Kerala. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Indonesia,Kampuchea, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, Pakistan, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Range : India - Discontinuous in distribution; forests in Himalayas up to 1525 m. altitudes, West Bengal, Orissa and Kerala.

Otocolobus manul ( Pallas )-Pallas's Cat, Manul

Scientific name : Otocolobus manul (Pallas) Order :Carnivora Family:Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix II . Red Data Book (India)-Insufficiently known . Common names : English - Pallas's Cat, Manul Group : Cat Measurements : Head and body - 500 to 650 mm. Tail - 210 to 310 mm. Body weight : 2.5 to 3.5 kg. Head : Forehead extremely broad, highly domed,with scattered black spots. Muzzle short. Ears low set, bluntly rounded. Nose pad pinkish brown. Two distinct parallel black bars on each cheek. Lips and chin white, back of ears buff. Hands and feet: Short, stout, with faint markings in front. Tail : Thick, with a broad terminal tuft, preceded by five or six narrow black rings. Body : Fur extremely thick, dense, soft and long, specially on the underparts. Colour varies from light grey to yellowish buff and russet. Tips of hair white.Some faint black stripes on the sides. Range : India - At high altitudes of Ladakh. Elsewhere - Afghanistan, China, Iran, Mongolia, Pakistan, former U.S.S.R. Habitat : Steppes, deserts and rocky country up to elevations of over 4000 m. Threats : Human interference; Trapping and hunting for coat. Similar species : Felis margarita found in desert zone from Morocco and northern Niger to Soviet Central Asia and Pakistan. Indian subspecies : O. m. nigripecta

Pardofelis marmorata ( Martin )-Marbled Cat

Scientific name : Pardofelis marmorata (Martin) Order :Carnivora Family:Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I .CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Endangered . Red Data Book (International) -Data Deficient. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened (Nationally),Data Deficient(Globally) . U.S.ESA - Endangered . Common names : English- Marbled Cat Bhotia - Sikmor Lepcha- Dosal Group : Cat Measurements : Head and Body - 450 to 610 mm. Tail - 350 to 540 mm. Body weight : 2 to 8 kg. Head : Short, broad and rounded. Ablack stripe running up from the upper margin of each eye; two black stripes on each cheek and a small spot on forehead. Nose pad pink. Ears short, rounded. Back of ear black with a grey median bar. Hands and feet : Short with large pad. Black spots particularly on the upper and under side. Tail : Darker than body; pattern obscurely defined. Body : Coat thick, short with abundantunderwool. Above ochraceous brown to rufous brown, with stripes of large and small blotches on neck and back, making a marbled pattern; undersurface whitish with solid black spots. Range : India - North-east India, Jammu and Kashmir. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Myanmar, Indonesia, Kampuchea, Laos ,Malaysia ,Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat : Tropical forest, deciduous to evergreen. Threats : Hunting; Trade for parts; Loss of habitat due to fragmentation. Similar species : Neofelis nebulosa occurring in Northeast India, Nepal and other south east Asian countries. Indian subspecies : F. m. charltoni

Felis silvestris ( Schreber )-Desert Cat

Scientific name : Felis silvestris (Schreber) Order :Carnivora Family:Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I .CITES - Appendix II . Red Data Book (India)- Endangered. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened (Nationally),Data Deficient (Globally). Common names : English - Desert Cat Cutch - Jhang mena Group : Cat Measurement : Head and body - 500 to 800 mm. Tail - 210 to 450 mm. Height at shoulder - 250 to 350 mm. Body weight : 3 to 8 kg. Head : Broad. Two distinct parallel black streaks on eachcheek. Forehead striped. Ears small, pointedwith afaint black tufts ; colour like back. Hands and feet : Long. Soles black. Numerous dark cross lines on the outside of limbs. Two black bars on innerside of forearm. Tail : Well-furred,ending bluntly.Terminal part marked with black rings. Tip black. Body : Coat dense and thick. Basic colour yellowish grey with numerous black spots, throat whitish, underparts cream. A distinct spinal band from which a number of transverse bars run down to the belly. Range : India - Drier parts of Gujarat, Maharashtra, Punjab and Rajasthan. Elsewhere-Afghanistan, China, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Mongolia, Oman, Pakistan, S. Arabia, Syria, former U.S.S.R.,Yemen. Habitat : Deciduous woodland, savanna and steppe are the preferred habitats. In India, it is found in lowlying scrub jungles in the semi-arid region. Threats : Hybridization; Loss of habitat because of exotic plants; Trade. Similar species : Felis chaus and F. margarita occurring in greater parts of European, African and Asian countries. Indian subspecies : F. s. ornate

Catopuma temmincki( Vigors and Horsfield )-Golden Cat

Scientific name : Catopuma temmincki (Vigors and Horsfield) Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I.CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Endangered. IUCN - Indeterminate. U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English - Golden Cat Hindi - Sunahli Billi Group : Cat Measurements: Head and body - 750 to 1050 mm. Tail - 490 to 560 mm. Body weight : 7 to 15 kg. Head : Rather small with a heavy muzzle. Horizontal white or buff cheek stripe edged with black. Conspicuous white stripes on the inner side and along the lower margin of eye. Chin white. Nose pad flesh coloured, upper margin black. Ears rounded, back of ears black with a whitish central area but no distinct patch. Hands and feet : Stout, long ,with large pad. Colour similar to body. Tail : Underside white in its terminal third. Upperside of tip dark. Body : Coat dense and harsh. Colour variable from golden brown to grey without any pattern above, paler below. Range : India - North Eastern States. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Kampuchea, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Singapore, Vietnam. Habitat : Deciduous forests, tropical rain forests and occasionally more open habitats. Threats : Loss of habitat; Trade. Similar species : None Indian subspecies : C. t. temmincki

Caracal caracal ( Schreber )-Caracal

Scientific name : Caracal caracal (Schreber) Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I .CITES - Appendix I (Asian population),Otherwise Appendix II . Red Data Book (India)- Endangered. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally) . Common names : English - Caracal Hindi- Siyehgush Group : Cat Measurements : Head and body - 600 to 915 mm. Tail - 230 to 310 mm. Height at shoulder - 380 to 500 mm. Body weight : 8 to 19 kg. Head : Muzzle narrow; dark spot on both sides of the muzzle and two shortvertical bars above the eyes. Ears fairly close together, large;tip with long erect tuft of hairs;back of ears black with frosting of white hairs. Hands and feet : Long, slender. Colour same as body with buffy stripes on the inner side of forelimbs. Tail : Slightly tapering at tip. Colour same as body but tip may be black sometimes. Body : Coat dense, short, close at the back; longer, looser, woolly on the belly. Uniformly reddish sandy colored withoutany trace of pattern, except some faint spots on the underside of the chest. Underparts creamy buff. Range : India - Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Rajasthan, eastern Uttar Pradesh. Elsewhere -Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Pakistan,Qatar,South Arabia, Syria,Turkey,UAE,Yemen and former U.S.S.R. Habitat : Humid forest zone, semi-arid woodlands, Savannah, scrub, but avoids sandy deserts. Threats : Human interference; Loss of habitat due to fragmentation. Similar species : Felis chaus of Indiaand many other countries. Indian subspecies : C. c. schmitzi

Lynx lynx ( Linnaeus )-Lynx

Scientific name : Lynx lynx (Linnaeus) Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I as L. l. isabellinus . CITES - Appendix II. Red Data Book (India)- Endangered as L. l. isabellinus. Common names : English- Lynx Kashmiri - Patsalam Lahaul - Phiauku Group : Cat Measurements : Head and body - 800 to 1000 mm. Tail - 100 to 250 mm. Height at shoulder - 500 to 750 mm. Body weight : 17 to 38 kg. Head : Distinct ruff or fringe of pendant hairs framing the face. Earslarge, pointed; tips with long erect tuft ofdark hairs. Back of ears black towards the tip. Hands and feet : Long and stout, very large padded with distinct interdigital webs. Paws densely furred. Tail : May have several dark rings andtipped with black. Body : Coat soft,dense,long up to 70 mm. particularly at the belly. Colour variable, but commonly yellowish brown; upper parts may have a grey frosted appearance and underparts more buffy and there is often a pattern of dark spots. Range : India - Gilgit and Ladakh in Jammu & Kashmir and Lahauland Spitiin Himachal Pradesh. Elsewhere - Afghanistan, Alaska, Bhutan, Canada,China, Iran, Iraq, Korea, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, Turkey, formerU.S.S.R, Western mainlandEurope, Northern United States. Habitat : Tall forests with dense undergrowth, but may also enter open forest, rocky areas or tundra. Threats : Hunting; Trade of pelt. Similar species : 1.Caracal caracal occuring in Arabian Peninsula to Aral Seaand Northwestern India, most of Africa. 2. Lynx rufus of southern Canada to Baja California and Central Mexico. Indian subspecies : L. l. isabellinus

Neofelis nebulosa ( Griffith )-Clouded Leopard

Scientific name : Neofelis nebulosa (Griffith) Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Endangered . Red Data Book (International) - Vulnerable . IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened (Nationally) , Data Deficient (Globally) . U.S.ESA - Endangered . Common names : English - Clouded Leopard Bhutia - Kung Nepali - Amchita Group : Cat Measurements : Head and body - 750 to 1050 mm. Tail - 700 to 900 mm. Height at shoulder - 500 to 600 mm. Body weight : 18 to 22 kg. Head : Long and rather narrow with a broad muzzle. Spotted and face marked with cheek stripes. Ears short, rounded; back of ears black with a greyish white central spot. Hands and feet : Forelegs shorter than hindlegs.Large padded feet. Paws large.Small solid spotson legs, inner side of legs whitish or pale tawny. Tail : Well-furred; marked with rings,frequently interrupted at sides. Tip black or grey. Body : Coat short. Basic colour yellow to yellowish brown.Neck with black stripes.Large clouded spots on the body, formed by dark blotches whichare confinedby blackmargins. Underparts whitish or pale tawny. Range : India - Northeastern States including West Bengal. Elsewhere - Bangladesh,Bhutan,Brunei,China, Indonesia, Japan, Kampuchea,Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar,Nepal, Thailand and Vietnam. Habitat : Various kinds of forests including grasslands, up to 2500 m.elevation. Threats : Decline in prey species; Hunting for trophies and Trade; Loss of habitat. Similar species : Pardofelis marmorata of India and Southeast Asian countries. Indian subspecies : None

Panthera leo persica ( Linnaeus )-Asiatic Lion

Scientific name : Panthera leo persica (Linnaeus) Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Endangered . Red Data Book (International) - Endangered . IUCN - Critically Endangered . U.S.ESA - Endangered . Common names : English - Asiatic Lion Hindi - Sher, Babbarsher, Singh Bengali - Singha Gujarati- Untia bagh Kathiawari - Sawach Malayalam - Sinhan Marathi - Sinha Group : Cat Measurements : Head and body - 1400 to 2500 mm. Tail - 700 to 1050 mm. Height at shoulder - 800 to 1100 mm. Body weight : Males - 150 to 250 kg. Females - 120 to 185 kg. Head : Broad face, muzzle relatively long. Colour same as body. In male, face is frame dbya yellow brown or almost black mane. Nose pad mostly black, sometimes with pink parts. Ears short androunded. Back of ears with black marks on the base. Hands and feet : Forelimbs more powerful than hind limbs. Colour same as body. Large pad. Tail : Colour same as body but with a blacktuft at end. A horny spur is concealed in the tuft. Body : Coat short and uniform. Colour varies from ochreous silvery grey to dark ochre-brown. Range : India - Confinedto Gir forests, Gujarat in about 1412 sq. km. area. Occasionally strays out to Kodinar and Dhari Taluka of Amreli district of Gujarat. Habitat : Scrub savannah country interspersed with \| open dry deciduous forests. Threats : Cattle grazing; Disease; Genetic problem; Human interference;Loss of habitat; Natural disaster. Similar species : Puma concolor of South and North America.

Panthera pardus ( Linnaeus )-Leopard

Scientific name : Panthera pardus (Linnaeus) Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Vulnerable . IUCN - Vulnerable (Nationally) , Data Deficient (Globally) . U.S.ESA - Endangered (Except in Africa) . Common names : English - Leopard Hindi - Tendwa, Chitabagh, Sonachita Bengali - Chita bagh Gujarathi - Nanawagh Kannada - Chirchu, Chirate Malayalum - Pullipoolee Marathi - Bibalya bagh Tamil - Chiruthai Telegu- Chinnapuli Group : Cat Measurements : Head and body - 910 to 1910 mm. Tail - 580 to 1100 mm. Height at shoulder - 450 to 780 mm. Body weight : Male - 37 to 90 kg. Female - 28 to 60 kg. Head : Profile convex. Marked with small black spots. Nose pad pink. Ears rounded with a black back and conspicuous median white spot. Hands and feet : Short, stout with solidblack spots. Innerside whitish. Tail : Without terminal tuft, tip black. Dorsal part with spots or rosettes. Body : Coat dense, short and soft. Groundcolour of dorsum varies from pale straw and grey buff to brightfulvous, deep ochre and chestnut with numerous black ' rosettes '. ' Rosettes ' in most individuals without central spots. Underparts white and less densely spotted. Range : India - From the Himalayas to Cape Comarin in suitable habitats except the higher reaches. Elsewhere - WesternTurkeyandArabian Peninsula to southeastern Siberia and Malay Peninsula, Sri Lanka, Indonesia, Kangean Islands. Habitat : Any habitat that provides its sufficient food and cover.It occupies lowland forests, mountain,grasslands, and deserts. Threats : Persecution as a predator; Value as a trophy; Commercialdemandforits beautiful fur; Loss of habitat. Similar species : i. Panthera onca occuring in SouthernUnited States to northern Argentina. ii. Uncia uncia found in mountain areas from Afghanistan to Lake Baikal and Tibet. iii. Acinonyx jubatusoccuringin Africaand Iran andpossibly adjacent partsof Pakistan, Afghanistan and Turkmen. Indian subspecies : i. P. p. fusca ii. P. p. millardi iii. P. p. pernigra

Panthera tigris ( Linnaeus )-Tiger

Scientific name : Panthera tigris (Linnaeus) Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Vulnerable . Red Data Book (International) - Endangered. IUCN - Endangered (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally) . U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English - Tiger Hindi- Bagh Bengali- Bagh Gujarati - Palawala Wagh Kannada - Hoolee Malayalum - Nari Tamil- Pulee Telegu - Pulee Group : Cat. Measurements : Head and body - 1400 to 2800 mm. Tail - 600 to 1100 mm. Height at shoulder - 950 to 1100 mm. Body weight : Male - 180 to 306 kg. Female - 65 to 167 kg. Head : Cranium domed, muzzle relatively long. Face framed by a ruff of longer hair.Nose pad pink, sometimes with black spots.Back of ear black with a conspicuous white spot.General colour and pattern same as body. Hands and feet : Forelimbs more powerfully built than hindlimb.Large pads.Stripes reduced on forelegs and anterior flanks. Inner side almost white. Tail : Tip black.No terminal tuft and with stripes and rings. Body : Coat coarse, long in winter, short in summer. Frequently a short mane on the neck and shoulder. Black stripes ona light reddish yellow or ochre ground colout.Underparts white. Range : India - Practically found throughout India in suitable areas,except the deserts of Rajasthan, Gujarat , Punjab and higher reaches of Himalayas. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, Bhutan, Cambodia, China, Korea, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia , Myanmar , Nepal , Thailand,Vietnam, former U.S.S.R. Habitat : Tigeris tolerant ofa wide range of environmental conditions and found in tropical rain forests, evergreenforests, mangrove swamps,grasslands,savannahs and rocky countries. Threats : Value as a trophy; Commercial demand of bone, fur and other parts resulting poaching andhuge illegal trade; Loss of habitat. Similar species : None Indian subspecies : P. t. tigris

Uncia uncia ( Schreber )-Snow Leopard

Scientific name : Uncia uncia (Schreber) Order : Carnivora Family : Felidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Endangered. Red Data Book (International) - Endangered. IUCN - Endangered (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally) . U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English- Snow Leopard, Ounce Bhotia- Kar, Zig, Sachak Himachali - Barhalhe Kumaon- Burhel haye Group : Cat Measurements : Head and body - 1000 to 1300 mm. Tail - 800 to 1000 mm. Height at shoulder - about 600 mm. Body weight : 25 to 75 kg. Head : High cranium, short muzzle, vertical chin, concave profile.Small spotted.Ear short, rounded, tips and margin black. Hands and feet : Short , stout with large pad. Spots small , unbroken and darker than those on body. Tail : Tufty,spotted,some spots formingincomplete rings.Tip dark atits upper side. Body : Coat soft, dense and tufty specially in winter. Ground colour on theabove soft grey, sometimes with a yellowish tinge and marked with large 'rosettes' which are paler and less distinct than other cats. Underparts and throat white. Range : India - Himalayas from Jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh. Elsewhere - Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Nepal, Pakistan, former U.S.S.R. Habitat : Alpine coniferous forests. In summer it occurs commonly in alpine meadows and rocky areas at 2700 to 6000 meters; in winter it may come down to 1800 meters. Threats : Hunting by people as it isconsidered as predator of domestic stock; Reduction in naturalprey ; Increased use of alpine pastures; Trade in fur. Similar species : Panthera pardus occuring in India and from western Turkeyand Arabian Peninsula to southeastern Siberia and Malaya Peninsula ,Sri Lanka ,Indonesia. Indian subspecies : None

Order : Cetacea
Family : Platanistidae

Platanista gangetica ( Roxburgh )-Gangetic Dolphin

Scientific name : Platanista gangetica (Roxburgh) Order : Cetacea Family : Platanistidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Vulnerable. Red Data Book (International) - Endangered. IUCN - Critically Endangered (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally) . Common names : English - Gangetic Dolphin Hindi - Susu Assamese - Hiho, Seho Bengali - Susuk Group : Dolphin Measurements : Total Length - 2000 to 3000 mm. Width of tail flukes - about 460 mm. Diagnostic characters : Fusiform body. Head prolonged intoa compressedrostrum; forehead steeply rising;eyes very small ; neck distinct but short. Flippers more or less triangular; dorsal fin low and ridge like; tail fluke notched in the middle. Body colour variesfromlead grey to lead black dorsally,lighter ventrally. Number of teeth varies from 27 to 32 in each jaw. Range : India - Ganga and Brahmaputra rivers and all their larger tributaries including Jamuna, Dudwa, Chambal,Tista rivers, from the sea to the base of mountains. Elsewhere - Narayani, Karnali and Kosi rivers in Nepal, Meghna and Kornaphuli in Bangladesh and in rivers of Bhutan. Habitat : Freshwater of river from tidal limits to the foothills. Threats : Decline in prey species;Dynamite and other destructive fishing practices; Fragmentation of habitatby costruction of dam; Pollution and siltation of rivers; Trade. Similar species : Platanista minor of Indus river system in Pakistan. Indian subspecies : None

Family : Delphinidae

Orcaella brevirostris ( Gray )-Irrawaddy Dolphin,Snub-nosed Dolphin

Scientific name : Orcaella brevirostris (Gray) Order : Cetacea Family : Delphinidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Insufficiently known. Red Data Book (International) - Data Deficient. IUCN - Endangered (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally) . Common names : English - Snub-fin Dolphin, Irawarddy porpoise, Large Indian porpoise. Group : Dolphin Measurements : Total length - 1800 to 2750 mm. Diagnostic characters : Body spindle shaped. Bulging forehead. Short shelf like beak.Pectoral fin broadly triangular; dorsalfin small, sickle shaped andlocated on the posterior half of back. Slaty blue or slate grey through out or the underparts may be slightly paler. Range : India - Bay of Bengal on Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and West Bengal coast and also in Chilka Lagoon (Orissa), mouth of Hooghly river ( West Bengal). Elsewhere – FromBayofBengalto New Guineaand northern Australia and ascends far up in Irrawaddy and Mekong rivers. Habitat : Warm, tropical and often silty waters. Regularly enters rivers and can live permanently in freshwater. Threats : Fishing; Siltation. Similar species : None Indian subspecies : None

Family : Phocoenidae

Neophocaena phocaenoides( Cuvier )-Little Indian Porpoise

Scientific name : Neophocaena phocaenoides (Cuvier) Order : Cetacea Family : Phocoenidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (National) - Insufficiently known. Red Data Book (International) - Data Deficient. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally) . Common names : English - Black finless porpoise, Little Indian porpoise, Southeast Asiatic porpoise Marathi - Bhulga Tamil - Molagan Group : Porpoise Measurements : Total length -1200 to 1600 mm. Width of tail flukes -about 550 mm. Pectoral fin length -about 280 mm. Body weight : 25 to 40 kg. Diagnostic characters : Body spindle shaped. Abruptly rising forehead and without any distinct beak.Eyeswell developed. Blowhole crescentic. Neck slightly developed. Dorsal fin absent, flippers rather small. Middle region of back covered with small hard tubercles. Body colour purple brown orgrey; throatand area around mouth pinkish grey.15-21 spade-shaped teeth on each side of each jaw. Range : India - In the coastal waters of both the coasts and reported from Mumbai, Goa, South Canara, Malabar, Madras, Calcutta. Elsewhere - Warm coastal waters and certain riversfromPakistan to Korea, Japan and Indonesia. Habitat : Estuaries and warm coastal waters. Threats : Fishing; Pollution; Collision with motorboats. Similar species : None Indian subspecies : N. p. phocaenoides

Order : Sirenia
Family : Dugongidae

Dugong dugon ( Mullar )-Dugong

Scientific name : Dugong dugon (Muller) Order : Sirenia Family : Dugongidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Vulnerable. Red Data Book (International) - Vulnerable. IUCN - Critically Endangered (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally). U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English - Dugon, Sea Cow Bengali - Sindhu gavi Tamil- Kadalkpuntri Group : Dugong Measurements : Total length - 2400 to 4060 mm. Body weight : 230 to 908 kg. Diagnostic characters : Body spindle shaped. Head relativelysmall and characterised by muzzle - a broadflat horseshoe shaped extension of upper lip. Muzzle overlaps the sides of the mouth; large number of hairs and bristles on the muzzle. Eye and ear openings small.Mammary glandsinthe armpit. Front limb modified into flipper; fluke like tail. Colour greyorbrownish grey dorsallyand laterally, pale white ventrally. Range : India - Alongthe Indiancoastin Gulf of Mannar,Palk Bay,Andaman Coast and Gulf of Kutch. Elsewhere - Tropical Indopacific region from east coast of Africa and Japan. Threats : Hunting by gillnets and harpoon; Trade for its supposed medicinal and aphrodisiac properties; Loss of habitat; Trawling. Similar species : Trichechus manatus occurring in coastal waters and some connecting rivers from North Caroline and Caribbean Sea to Northeastern Brazil, Bahamas.

Order : Proboscidea
Family : Elephantidae

Elephas maximus ( Linnaeus )-Asian Elephant

Scientific name : Elephas maximus (Linnaeus) Order : Proboscidea Family : Elephantidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Vulnerable. Red Data Book (International) - Endangered. IUCN - Vulnerable (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally). U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English - Asian Elephant, African Elephant Hindi- Hathi Bengali- Hathi Kannada - Ana Malayalum - Ana Tamil- Anai Group : Elephant Measurements : Head and body - 5500 to 6400 mm. Tail - 1200 to 1500 mm. Height at shoulder -2500 to 3000 mm. Body weight : Upto 5000 kg. Head : Very largeandhighest partofthe body. Forehead flat, vertical and two humps on top. Nose and upperlip combined and lengthened into a pendant trunk or proboscis, tip of which at the upperpart form a finger like projection; surface of proboscis mooth. Ear relatively small and pentagonal in shape. Second pair of upper incisors in mont males developed into long tusks upto 2600 to 3000 mm in length. Hand and feet : Short, piller like. Five nails on forefoot and four on hind foot. Tail : A tuft of coarse hairs at lip. Body : Hair covering scanty; hairs long, stiff and bristly. Skin smooth. Outlineof back convex. Colour dark grey tobrown, chest with flesh coloured blotches. Range : India - North-eastern States, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Karnataka, Kerala, Orissa, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, Bhutan, China, Indonesia, Kampuchea,Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat : Variety of forest types including grassy plains, except the coloured-canopy forest areas. Threats : Poaching and hunting; Loss of habitat because of fragmentation; Disease; Drought; Genetic problem; Power lines; Road kills; Trade in parts. Similar species : Loxodonta africana of Africa. Indian subspecies : E. m. indicus

Order : Perissodactyla
Family : Equidae

Equus kiang ( Moorcroft )-Tibetan Wild Ass, Kiang

Scientific name : Equus kiang (Moorcroft) Order : Perissodactyla Family : Equidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I . Red Data Book (India)- Endangered. IUCN - Vulnerable (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally). Common names : English - Tibetan Wild Ass, Kiang. Group : Ass Measurements : Height at shoulder -1500 mm. Head : Elongated, horse like; forehead buldged, muzzle narrow but rounded with low nasals. Ears erect with black tip and very long being 170 mm. Hands and feet : Long, powerful and adopted for speed. Single digit in each foot, surrounded by a broad hoof, white wedge above elbow little or none. A naked callosity inside each forearm , but not on the hind legs. A dark ring of hairs above the hoof present. Tail : Deep blackish brown, with long hairs almost up to root. Body : Winter coat much longer and darker than the shorter reddish summer coat. A dark brown stripe, sometimes with a whitish margin along the back from nape to tuft of tail; the anterior part of the stripe formed by the mane. Occasionally a dark cross stripe on the shoulder. Lower parts white including 25% of the flank. Range : India - Ladak ( Jammu & Kashmir ), Sikkim. Elsewhere - Tibet, Tsinghal and Szechuan of China and probably Nepal. Habitat : High open plateaux and dry, intermontane basins. Threats : Human interference; Hybridization. Similar species : Equus onager of Gujarat, India. Indian subspecies : None

Equus onager khur ( Lesson )-Indian Wild Ass

Scientific name : Equus onager khur (Lesson) Order : Perissodactyla Family : Equidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Endangered. IUCN - Endangered. Common names : English - Indian Wild Ass Hindi - Ghor-khur Group : Ass Measurements : Head and body -2000 to 2200 mm. Tail - 310 to 400 mm. Height at shoulder -1100 to 1200 mm. Body weight : 204 to 238 kg. Head : Comparatively large with broad rounded, creamy white muzzle upper lip covered with stiff bristle like fawn colored hairs. Ears 135 to 200 mm., with conspicuous dark brown tip on their inner margin. Hands and feet : Long, powerful and adapted for speed. Single digit in each foot surrounded by a hoof . A conspicuous horny callous surrounded by darker hairs inside the upper part of the foreleg. Hooves jet black. Dark hoof ring absent. Tail : Terminates in a long tuft of coarse, black hairs, reaching atleast to the middle of legs. Body : Coat colour varies from reddish grey to pale chestnut, lighter on belly and flanks.Short,erect, broad mane,continuing as a dark chestnut stripe, from withers to the proximal thirdof the tail. White oflower parts covers about 45% of the flank. Range : India - Restricted to Little Rann of Kutch, Gujarat. Elsewhere – None Habitat : Salt incrustated flats, dottedwith scattered islands or bets bearing grass, scrub, low trees and perennial source of water. Threats : Hybridization; Human interference; Loss of habitat; Disease. Similar species : Equus kiang of India and China.

Family : Rhinocerotidae

Rhinoceros unicornis ( Linnaeus )-Great One-horned Rhinoceros

Scientific name : Rhinocerors unicornis (Linnaeus) Order : Perissodactyla Family : Rhinocerotidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Endangered. Red Data Book (International) - Endangered. IUCN - Endangered (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally). Common names : English- Great One-horned Rhinoceros Hindi - Gainda Assamese - Goh, Gor Bengali - Gandar Group : Rhino Measurements : Head and body - 2100 to 4200 mm. Height at shoulder - 1700 to 1800 mm. Length of horn - 300 to 600 mm. Body weight : Male - about 2100 kg. Female -1500 kg. Head : Large,without hairs,concave at dorsal surface. Upper lip with prehensile tip. Eyes small. Ear narrow ,fringed with short hairs. A well-developed nasal horn which rarely exceeds 300 mm. and weighs 800 to 1000 gm. Hands and feet : Short and stout. Three toes on each foot terminating in a small-hoof like nail. Convex tubercles on thigh shield very large. Epidermis forming small polygonal scales. Tail : Very short, fringed with hairs and lies in a groove. Body : Very thick, hairless, divided into shields by folds before and behind each shoulder and thigh; these folds continue across the back; those in front of the shoulders not joined across the back but turning backward sand lost above the shoulder. There are great folds round the neck, others below the shoulders, thigh shields and behind the buttocks. Sides studded with tubercles. Entire body black or brownish grey, in the folds pinkish. Range : India - Confined to some protected areas (Kaziranga, Laokhowa, Pabitra, Orang and Manas in Assam; Jaldapara and Gorumara in West Bengal ) ; One trans located population in Dudhwa, Uttar Pradesh. Elsewhere - Chitwan National Park in Nepal. Habitat : Wooded jungles up ravines and low hills; prefers tall grass andreedbeds in swampy areas. Threats : Hunting and poaching; Trade; Cattle Grazing ; Disease; Genetic problem; Interspecific competition; Flood. Similar species : R. sondaicus of Indonesia, Burma, Vietnam and Thailand. Indian subspecies : None

Order : Artiodactyla
Family : Suidae

Sus scrofa andamanensis ( Blyth )-Andaman Wild Pig

Scientific name : Sus scrofa andamanensis (Blyth) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Suidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Insufficiently known. Common name : English - Andaman Wild Pig Group : Boar Measurements : Height at shoulder - 500 to 530 mm. Head : Elongated snout, terminating in an expanded, truncated, nearly nakedflat disk containing the nostrils.Canines well-developed in males, projecting outside from the mouth. Ear thinly covered with hairs externally, more thickly within. Eye small. Hands and feet : Narrow;four completely developed toes in each; hoofs of the outer toe not reaching the ground in ordinary walking position. Tail : Very short, scantly haired except the tip. Body : Covered with somewhat shaggy, long, black bristles. Tips of some dorsal bristles brownish grey. No or indistinct crest on neck and back. Range : India - Endemic to Andaman Islands. Habitat : Forested part but also comes out to the cultivated field for feeding. Threats : Loss of habitat due to human encroachment for making new ettlements; Timber work; Indiscriminate hunting. Similar species : Sus salvaniusofAssam and Nepal Terai.

Sus salvanius ( Hodgson )-Pigmy Hog

Scientific name : Sus salvanius (Hodgson) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Suidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Endangered. Red Data Book ( International ) - Critically Endangered. IUCN - Critically Endangered ( Nationally ), Data Deficient (Globally). U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common name : English - Pygmy Hog Group : Hog Measurements : Head and body - 500 to 720 mm. Tail - 220 to 360 mm. Height at shoulder - 250 to 300 mm. Body weight : 6.6 to 11.8 kg. Head : Elongated snout terminating inan expanded, truncated, nearly naked flat disccontaining nostrils. Ear small, naked. Upper tusk short. Hands and feet : Short, narrow with four completely developed toes on each; the hoofs of the outer two not reaching the ground. Tail : Very short, scantly haired except the tip. Body : Covered with bristly hairs of black to brown colour. No distinctcrest, but hairs on the hindneck and middle of back rather longer. Range : India - Assam Elsewhere - Bhutan and Nepal. Habitat : Tall grass jungles in the eastern Himalayan foot hills. Threats : Hunting for food; Loss of habitat. Similar species : Sus scrofa andamanensis of Andaman Islands.

Family : Tragulidae

Moschiola meminna ( Erxleben )-Mouse Deer

Scientific name : Moschiola meminna (Erxleben) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Tragulidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Vulnerable. IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened ( Nationally ), Data Deficient ( Globally ). Common names : English- Mouse Deer Hindi- Pisora Kannada - Koorandi Marahati - Aheda Tamil - Kooran Panni Telegu - Kura-pandi Group : Mouse Deer Measurements : Head and body - 450 to 560 mm. Tail - 20 to 40 mm. Height at shoulder - 250 to 310 mm. Body weight : 7 to 8 kg. Head : Elongated, compressed and pointed anteriorly. A large muffle at the terminal part of muzzle. Hairs very short,brown or darker,but upper margin of eyes paler. Antlers absent, but alarge tusk like canine present in male. Hands and feet : Small,slender.Colour brown speckled withyellow. Tarsus hairy all round, except behindclosetothe hock. Four toes. Tail : Very short, colour similar to body. Body : Hairs short and close; dorsally brown at base, black towards the end with yellow speckling. Sides spotted with white or buff, spots elongate and passing into longitudinal bands. Lower part white; throat with three white stripes, middle one pointed in front . H Indquarter of the body high. Range : India - Southern India, the northern limit being Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Southern Bihar and Orissa. Elsewhere - Nepal, Sri Lanka. Habitat : Heavy forest with thick undergrowth on the hill sides up to elevation of 1850 m. Threats : Loss of habitat; Hunting for food. Similar species: Tragulus javanicus and T. napu of Thailand, China, Malaysia, Indonesia.

Family : Cervidae

Cervus duvaucelii ( Cuvier )-Swamp Deer

Scientific name :Cervus duvauceli (Cuvier) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Cervidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable.Red Data Book (International) - Vulnerable. IUCN - Endangered (Nationally ), Data Deficient (Globally). U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common names : English - Swamp Deer Hindi - Barsingha Assamese - Bhelingipohu Tribalof Madhya Pradesh - Goinjak, Gaoni Group : Deer Measurements : Head and body - about 1800 mm. Tail - 120 to 200 mm. Height at shoulder - 1150 to 1250 mm. Body weight : 208 to 258 kg. Head : Long and narrow, muzzle elongate. A large and deep lachrymal fossa. Suborbital gland large.Colour similar to body. Antlers : Smooth,with a brow-tine nearly at right angles to the beam, frequently bearing smaller points on its upper surface. Above brow-tine the beam is unbranched for more than half its length; it then divides into two, each branch dividing again. Tail : Moderate in size, white beneath. Body : Hair moderately fine,rather woolly.Neck maned. Colour in winter rownabove, paler below, in summer bright rufous brown, more or less spottedwith white, specially alongthe spine. Whitish on the throat, belly and inside the thighs. Range : India - Teraiand Duars ofnorthern and eastern India from Uttar Pradesh to Assam andin and around Kanha National Park in Madhya Pradesh. Recently, introduced in Jaldapara Wildlife Sanctuary in West Bengal. Elsewhere - Nepal Habitat : Swampy or dry grass lands in sal forest. Threats : Encroachment of habitat; Cattle grazing; Disease. Similar species : Cervus unicolor of India, Sri Lanka and South-east Asia. Cervus elaphas of Asia, Europe, Africa, America. Indian subspecies : C. d. duvauceli, C. d. branderi, C. d. ranjitsinhi

Cervus elaphus hanglu ( Wagner )-Kashmiri Stag, Hangul

Scientific name : Cervus elaphus hanglu (Wagner) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Cervidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Endangered. Red Data Book (International) - Endangered. IUCN - Critically Endangered. U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common Names : English- Kashmir Stag, Hangal Hindi- Barsingha Kashmiri - Hangal, Minyamar Group : Deer Measurements : Head and body length - 2130 to 2286 mm. Height at shoulder - 1220 to 1320 mm. Head : Long with narrow muzzle. Large and deep lachrymal fossa. Largesuborbital glands. Lips, ear and chin whitish. Antlers : With brow, bez and tres or royal tines. In adults each horn with five points, sometimes more. Tail : Relatively short with paler beneath. A whitish caudal disk surrounding the tail, contrasting strongly with the dark border that merges into the body colour. Body : In males, hairs on the ridge of the neck is long, thick and bushy and hair of the lower neck long andshaggy. Colour brown or brownish ash ordark liver. Sides and limbs paler. Belly in males dark brown. In summer, fur more brighter and rufous. Range : India - Endemic, mainly limited to the Dachigam Sanctuary in Jammu and Kashmir, with some scattered population in other parts of the State and in Gamagal Sanctuary of Himachal Pradesh. Habitat : Dense forests in riverine areas between 1750 and 3650 m. Threats : Cattle grazing;Disease;Fire;Hunting for food; Loss of habitats; Poisoning. Similar species : Cervus unicolor of India, Sri Lanka and South-east Asia. Cervus duvauceli of India and Nepal.

Cervus eldii eldii (M'Clelland )-Manipur Browantlered Deer, Sangai

Scientific name : Cervus eldii eldii (McClelland) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Cervidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Critical. Red Data Book (International) -Critically Endangered. IUCN - Critically Endangered. U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common Names : English - Manipur Brow-antlered Deer, Sangai Bengali - Nachuni Harin Manipuri - Sangai Group : Deer Measurements : Head and body -about 1800 mm. Tail -about 200 mm. Height at shoulder -1050 to 1150 mm. Body Weight : Male - 95 to 111 kg. Head : Elongated, with gradually narrowing muzzle. Colour similar to body, but becomes grab in summer. White mark above eye. Antler : Antlers arise from erect pedicel; brow tine extremely long, forming a continous curve with the beam; terminal tines vary from 2 to 10. Tail : Short. Black dorsally, white at the proximal and lower part. Body : Hairs very coarse and shaggy in winter; thick and long about the neck in stags. Males dark brown to black in winter, fawn coloured in summer; does paler rufous brown. Lower part white in summer, pale brown in winter. Range : India - Endemic to Keibul Lamjao National Park, Manipur. Habitat : Open scrub jungle and floating swamps (Phumdis) between rivers and hills. Threats :Grazing; Flood; Damming; Fishing; Disease, Genetic problem; Human interference; Loss of habitat; Siltation. Similar species : Cervus unicolor of India, Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia.

Family : Moschidae

Moschus chrysogaster ( Hodgson )-Himalayan Musk Deer

Scientific name : Moschus chrysogaster (Hodgson) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Moschidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Vulnerable. Red Data Book ( International ) - Lower Risk Near Threatened. IUCN - Critically Endangered. U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common Names : English - Himalayan Musk Deer Hindi - Kastura Bengali - Kasturi Mriga Garhwali - Bena, Masak naba Kashmiri - Raos, Rons Ladakhi - Ribjo Group : Deer Measurements : Head and Body - 800 to 1000 mm. Tail- 380 to 600 mm. Height at shoulder - 510 to 610 mm. Body Weight : 7 to 17 kg. Head : Elongaled with narrow muzzle. Ear long with white inner border. Color like body. Antler and infraorbital gland absent. Upper canines developed as tusks of about 75 mm. length in males; in females tusk small. Hands and feet : Limbs long, particularly hinder considerably longer. Hoofs narrow, pointed; lateral hoofs greatly developed. Tail : Short, flattened, glandular and marked with a terminal tuft in males, hairy in females. Body : Rump higher than shoulder. Hairs long, coarse, brittle, minutely wavy and composed of a substance resembling pith. Dorsum light to rich brown, hairs speckled with grey above, paler beneath; rows of light spots on back and flanks. Chin and lower parts paler. Range : India - Indian Himalayas from Kashmir to Sikkim. Elsewhere - Afghanistan, Bhutan, China, Myanmer, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam. Habitat : Forest and bursh land at elevations of 2600 to 3000 meters. Threats : Hunting; Trade of parts. Similar Species : None

Family : Bovidae

Antilope cervicapra ( Linnaeus )-Black buck, Indian Antelope

Scientific name : Antilope cervicapra (Linnaeus) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . CITES - Appendix III. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. Red Data Book (International) -Vulnerable. IUCN - Lower Risk LeastConcern (Nationally) , Data Deficient (Globally) . Common Names : English - Blackbuck, Indian antelope Hindi - Harna,Harni Bengali - Krishasar Kanarese - Moorkoo Marn Marathi - Haran,Kalwit Tamil - Moor Marn Telegu - Ledi , Jinko Group : Antelope Measurements : Head and Body - About 1200 mm. Tail - About 178 mm. Height at shoulder - 740 to 830 mm. Body Weight : About 37 kg. Head : Sheep like with narrow muzzle. Area around eye white, rest blackish brown to rufous fawn. Horns : A pair of divergence horns borne usually only by male; 456 to 685 mm. long; ringed at the base and twisted spirally up to five turns. Hands and feet : Long and slender . Outside yellowish fawn to dark, inside white. Hooves delicate and pointed. Tail : Short, Dorsally yellowish fawn to dark, ventrally white. Body : Hairs short. Neck elongated. Does and young bucks yellowish fawn above, white below; two colours sharply demarcated. A distinct pale lateral band little above the line of divison. Old bucks blackish brown to almost black dorsally except on the nape which remains brownish rufous. Range : India - Throughout the plains, the eastern limit being Chilka Lake in orissa, and southwards to Point Calimore in Tamil Nadu, except the Malabar Coast. Elsewhere - Nepal, Pakistan. Habitat : Flat open ground covered with grass, scrubs, bushes etc., often near the cultivated fields, but avoids forests and hilly tracts. Threats : Hunting ; Drought; Flood; Loss of habitat. Similar Species : None Indian subspecies : A.c.cervicapra A.c.centralis A.c.rajputanae A.c.rupicapra

Gazella bennettii ( Sykes )-Chinkara, Indian Gazelle

Scientific name : Gazella bennettii (Sykes) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. Red Data Book (International) - Lower Risk Conservation Dependent . IUCN - Lower Risk LeastConcern (Nationally) , Data Deficient (Globally) . Common Names : English - Chinkara, Indian Gazelle Hindi - Chinkara Kanarese - Mudari, Tiska Marathi - Kalsipi Telegu - Burudu Jinka Group : Gazelle Measurements : Head and Body - About 1055 mm. Tail - About 127 mm. Height at shoulder - About 660 mm. Body Weight - Male - about 23 kg. Female - 16 to 18 kg. Head - Narrow muzzle. Ears very long. Infraorbital gland distinct. A whtish streak down each side of the face; middle of face from base of horns to nostrils darker rufous, sometimes with a dusky patch above the nose; a rufous stripe outside each pale facial band. Horns - Present in both sexes but in females much shorter. In males horns nearly straight, slightly diverging from base, but having a slight 'S' shaped curve when seen from side; number of rings15 or 16,but may go up to 25.In female, horns smooth and conical. Hands and feet - Long and slender.Outside colour same as back, inside whitish. Back of thigh white. Hoof pointed. A tuft of dark brownish longer hairs on each knee. Interdigital gland in all feet. Tail - Short, nearly black in colour. Body - Slender with long neck. Colour above light chestnut,but a little darker where it joins the white on the sides and buttocks; no pale lateral band. Chin, breast, lower parts white but not ascending to the root of the tail. Range : India - Plains and low hills of North Western and Central India. Elsewhere - Eastern Iran to Pakistan. Habitat : Dry deciduous forests, thinly forested areas or even desertic region, preferring ravines,broken country,rocky areas, scrub covered hills and sand dunes. Threats : Hunting ; Disease. Similar Species : Gazella gazella and Gazella dorcas of Africa.

Procapra picticaudata( Hodgson )-Tibetan Gazelle

Scientific name : Procapra picticaudata (Hodgson) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . Red Data Book (India) - Insufficiently known . IUCN -Critically Endangered (Nationally) , Data Deficient (Globally) . Common Names : English - Tibetan Gazelle Group : Gazelle Measurements : Head and Body - About 1000 mm. Tail - About 19 mm. Height at shoulder - About 600 mm. Head -Sheep like with narrow muzzle; Small, pointed ear. No infra orbital orifice; a naked space on the face corresponding to the position of the gland. Hairs at the corners of mouth very long in winter. No facial marking. General colour similar to body. Horns - Present only in males. Slender, diverging,very much curved back, the tips curving forwards, but not or little inwards. Along the curve about 330 mm in length, with 25 to 30 rings. Hands and feet - Long and slender .Outside dark, inside whitish. No knee-brushes.Inter digital gland in all feet. Tail - Short. Tip of tail dark rufons brown or black, basally white. Body - Hair in winter long and soft. Colour above in winter light sandy fawn, grizzled by the pale tips of the hairs, greyer in summer. Lower parts white, not very sharply divided from the colour of the back. Buttocks white, which extends all round the base of the tail,forming a distinct caudal disk. Range : India - Ladakh in Jammu and Kashmir to hills north of Kumaon (Uttar Pradesh) and Sikkim at 3960 to 5486 meters altitude. Elsewhere - China and Mongolia. Habitat : Dry grassland and areas of scanty vegetation at high altitudes. Threats : Human interference; Hunting. Similar Species : Procapra gutturosa of Mongolia and China.

Tetracerus quadricornis( de Blainville )-Four-horned Antelope

Scientific name : Tetracerus quadricornis (de Blainville) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I . Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. Red Data Book (International) - Vulnerable . IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened (Nationally) , Data Deficient (Globally) . Common Names : English - Four-horned Antelope Hindi - Chousingha Gujrati - Bhokra Kanarese - Kooreepoki Tamil - Nari komboo marn Telegu - Kondagori Group : Antelope Measurements : Head and Body -800 to 1000 mm. Tail -About 126 mm. Height at shoulder - 550 to 650 mm. Body Weight : 17 - 21 kg. Head : Narrow muzzle.Muffle present.Elongate suborbital gland. Ear moderate and rounded.Uniform brownish bay above, lighter below. Muzzle and outer surface of ear blackish brown. Horns : Present only in males. Short, conical smooth and usually four in number. Posterior pair 80 to 100 mm. long, the front pair small,about 25 to 38 mm. long. Hands and feet : Long, slender. A dark stripe down the front of each leg, broadest on forelegs. Inside white. Hooves small and rounded in front. Tail : Dull pale brown above,whitish below and at tip.Hairs on dorsal side much longer than those on the body. Body : Fur thin, harsh, short. Colour dull pale brown, with a more or less rufous tinge above, passing gradually on the sides into the white of lower parts. Range : India - South of the Himalayas except northeast to Kannya Kumari in Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere - Nepal. Habitat : Well-wooded, watered, undulating dry deciduous forest , transition zone between scrub and dry deciduous forests. Threats : Cattle grazing; Loss of habitat; Hunting; Trade. Similar Species : None

Pantholops hodgsonii ( Abel )-Tibetan Antelope

Scientific name : Pantholops hodgsonii (Abel) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Insufficiently Known. Red Data Book (International) - Vulnerable . IUCN - Critically Endangered (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally). Common Names : English - Tibetan Antelope Kashmiri - Tsus, Chus Group : Antelope Measurements : Head and Body -1300 to 1400 mm. Tail -about 100 mm. Height at shoulder - 790 to 940 mm. Body Weight : 25 to 50 kg. Head : Muzzle peculiarly swollen in males. Nostrils large. Whole face dark brown or black in males; colour of face in female almost similar to body. No suborbital gland. Ear small. Horns : Present in males only. Slender, black, ridged in front,almost vertical in relation to head and 510 to 710 mm. long. Hands and feet : Slender. A dark band down the front of each limb in males. In female front is similar in colour to that of back. Inside of limb white. Hooves pointed. Tail : Relatively short,covered with long hairs. Pale in colour. Body : Hair short,dense and woolly. Back and sides pale fawn with pinkish suffusion. Buttock and underpart white. Range : India - Periodically crosses into the Changchenmo Valley in Ladakh(Jammu and Kashmir) by way of the Lanak la Pass . Elsewhere -Tibetan Plateau (China) from 3800 to 5500 m. elevation. Habitat : Plateau steppes at elevation above 3800 m. with patches of grass . Threats : Hunting ; Disease;Trade of wool. Similar Species : None

Bos grunniens ( Linnaeus )-Yak

Scientific name : Bos grunniens (Linnaeus) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Critical. Red Data Book (International) - Vulnerable . IUCN - Endangered (Nationally),Data Deficient (Globally). U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common Names : English - Yak Hindi - Banchour Ladakhi - Yak Group : Oxen Measurements : Head and Body -2000 to 3250 mm. Tail - 700 to 1000 mm. Height at shoulder - 1500 to 2050 mm. Body Weight : 325 to 600 kg. Head : Drooping , elongated head ; forehead nearly flat. Muzzle and ear small.No dewlap.Colour black, with a little white about the muzzle , and a sprinking of grey at top.Hairs curly on forehead . Horns : Smooth, round, spreading horizontally outward, then curving upward and forward, while tips slightly bent backward and inward. Length goes up to 950 mm. Hands and feet : Short and thick. Hooves large and rounded. Upper part of the limbs covered by long hairs growing from the sides of the body. Colour similar to body. Tail : Terminal half of tail thickly covered with long blackish hairs, forming an enormous tuft, not descending in general below the hocks. Body : Back nearly level, not falling away above the hips. Neck thick. Hairs nearly smooth and short on neck and back; very long upto 600 mm. on lower part of each side, forming a deep fringe across the shoulder and thigh.A tuft of long hairs also on breast. Colour dark brown to almost black throughout; greyish tinge on the neck of old animals. Range : India - Changchen-mo Valley in Ladakh ( Jammu and Kashmir ) sometimes strays into Sutlej Valley and Kangri Bingi Pass in Kumaon Hills( Uttar Pradesh) and Sikkim. Elsewhere - Tibet ,Nepal ,China Habitat : Coldest,desolate and rugged mountain terrain, near the snow line (4000 to 6000 m.). Threats : Disease; Genetic problem; Hybridization; Hunting. Similar Species : Bos frontalis of India, Nepal and south-east Asian countries.

Bos frontalis ( Lambert )-Gaur

Scientific name : Bos frontalis (Lambert) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. IUCN - Vulnerable (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally). U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common Names : English - Indian Gaur Hindi - Gaur, Gaur gai Assamese - Mithan Bengali - Bison Kanarese - Kadu yethu, Kartee, Karkona Malayalum - Paothu Marathi - Gaviya,Gawa Oriya - Gayal Tamil - Kutu-erimal Group : Oxen Measurements : Head and Body - 2600 to 3200 mm. Tail - 850 to 1000 mm. Body Weight : 600 to 1000 kg. Head : Huge in size. From above eyes ashy grey to white brown; muzzle pale coloured.Upper part of forehead buffy grey to whitish. Ears large and broad. A high ridge between the horn-cores,convex on the vertex; in front of this ridge the forehead deeply concave. Horns : Borne by both sexes. Crescent shaped, considerably flattened towards the base.Curving upward and backward tapering to a sharp point; creamy yellow with black tips. Length 600 to 1150 mm. Hands and feet : Relatively small and sturdy. Upper part blackish brown, from above knees and hocks to the hooves white. Hooves small. Lower parts more hairy. Tail : Tufted and just reaching the hocks. Dark brown in colour, but slightly paler at tip. Body : Hairs short and glossy; adults especially bulls, almost hairless except on the chest and underparts. Massive body.Striking muscular ridge on the shoulder,that slopes down to the middle of the back,where it ends in an abrupt deep. Colour deep brown to jet black in male, female reddish; underparts brownish black to yellow earth; nape buffy grey to whitish. Range : India - Certain pockets of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar, Goa, Karnataka, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra , Orissa, Tamil Nadu. Elsewhere - Cambodia, China, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat : Forest hills and associated grassy clearings up to elevations of 1800 m. having adequate water sources. Threats : Hunting; Habitat destruction; Disease; Competition with domestic stock. Similar Species : 1. Bos javanicus of Myanmar, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand. 2. Bos sauveli of Cambodia, Thailand, Laos and Vietnam. Indian subspecies : B. f. frontalis B. f. gauras

Bubalus bubalis ( Linnaeus )-Wild Buffalo

Scientific name : Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix III. Red Data Book (India) - Endangered. Red Data Book (International) - Endangered. IUCN - Endangered. Common Names : English - Wild Buffalo Hindi - Jangli Bhainsh Assamese - Moh Bengali - Jangli Mosh Cachari - Misip Kuki - Siloi Manipuri - Iroi Naga - Gubul, Rili, Le Group : Buffalo Measurements : Head and Body -2400 to 3000 mm. Tail -600 to 1000 mm. Height at shoulder -1500 to 1900 mm. Body Weight : 700 to 1200 kg. Head : Face long and narrow, muzzle large and square, forehead nearly flat.Ear relatively small, pointed, sparsely tufted. A tuft of hairs on forehead.Almost black. Horns : Present in both the sexes. Triangular in cross-section with marked cross wrinkles. Normally curve backward and inward. Spread of horns, up to 1200 mm . Hands and feet : Thick and short. Hooves large and splayed. Dark ashy in colour , sometimes whitish . Tail : Reaches hocks, with bushy tip. Body : Massive. Hairs coarse and sparse and directed forward from the haunches to the head. Ash grey to black throughout . Range : India - Restricted to certain pockets of Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh, Maharastra. Elsewhere - Nepal, Indonesia, Vietnam. Habitat : Grass jungles and reed brakes in the neighbourhood of swamps in Eastern India, and also in drier, harder ground broken up by nullahs in penninsular India . Threats : Grazing; Hunting; Disease; Hybridization; Loss of habitant. Similar Species : Bubalus mindorensis of Philippines. Indian subspecies : 1) B.b.bubalis 2) B.b.fulvus

Budorcas taxicolor ( Hodgson )-Takin

Scientific name : Budorcas taxicolor (Hodgson) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. Red Data Book (India) - Insufficiently Known. Common Names : English - Takin Group : Takin Measurements : Head and Body -about 1200 mm. Tail - about 100 mm. Height at shoulder - 760 to 1070 mm. Body Weight : 230 to 275 kg. Head : Large, hairy muzzle. Black in colour. Horns : Present in both the sexes. Fairly massive, transversely ribbed at the bases. Arises near the midline of the head,abruptly turns outward, then sweeps backward and upward. Up to 635 mm long. Hands and feet : Stout limbs particularly the forelimb.Large hooves to the lateral digit. Lower part whitish in colour. Tail : Short, goat like tail; almost hidden in the hairs of buttocks. Body : Profile convex. Slighly raised withers and arched spine. Covered with thick, long shaggyhairs drooping particularly from shoulders and sides of the body. Colour varies from golden yellow to deep dark brown;a dark stripe present on the back. Withers lighter in tone. Range : India - Between 900 to 3000 m. altitude in Arunachal Pradesh. Elsewhere - Bhutan, China, Myanmar. Habitat : Thickly wooded montane country, with tropical and substropical forests. Threats : Hunting; Destruction of habitat. Similar Species : None. Indian subspecies : B. t. taxicolor

Capra falconeri ( Wagner )-Markhor

Scientific name : Capra falconeri ( Wagner ) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Endangered. IUCN - Critically Endangered as C. f. kashmeriensis, otherwise Vulnerable. Common Names : English - Markhor Ladakhi - Rawache Group : Goat Measurements : Head and Body -about 1340 mm. Height at shoulder -900 to 1000 mm. Head :Domestic goat like forehead convex;outline of face concave. Ear moderate in length. No suborbital gland. Brown or grey in colour.Beard in old males long and copious extending from chin down to the breast; in females and youngs beard short and confined to the chin; black in colour. Horns : Present in both the sexes. In males, horns compressed,close together at base,spirally wound; sharply angulate in yourng animals; in some each horn is straight and conical.Horns in females short, compressed and spiral Length of horn 1200 to 1500 mm. Hands and feet : Short and stout. Callosities on the knees. Colour as in body, but carpus and tarsus with a dark stripe in front. Tail : Reaches hocks, with bushy tip. Body : Hairs long, little or no under fur; Dorsal hairs white at base with brown tips; lower parts paler, sometimes whitish. A darker stripe down the back in youngs. Range : India - Western Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir. Elsewhere - Afghanistan, Pakistan, Uzbekistan. Habitat : Dense pine and birch forests and grassy glades in steep, precipitous , high rocky cliffs betwwen 1800 to 3600 m. altitude. Threats : Disturbance in the habitat; Local hunting pressure; Disease. Similar Species : Capra ibex occurring in West Himalayas in India, Pakistan, China and former U.S.S.R.. Indian subspecies : 1) C.f.falconeri 2) C.f.kashmiriensis

Capra ibex ( Linnaeus )-Himalayan Ibex

Scientific name : Capra ibex ( Linnaeus ) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. Red Data Book (India) - Endangered. IUCN - Vulnerable ( Nationally ), Data deficient ( Globally). Common Names : English - Himalayan Ibex Kashmiri - Kail Kulu - Tangrol Ladakhi - Sakin, Danmo Group : Goat Measurements : Height at shoulder -About 1000 mm. Head : Domestic goat like, forehead concave. No suborbital gland or muffle.Male with a profuse beard confired to chin.Brownish or rusty grey above, paler below. Horns : Present in both the sexes. In males, scimitar shaped, curved backwards, diverging; nearly triangular in section, anterior surface flat with large knobs at regular intervals. In females,oval in section at base,compressed above. Length 1000 to 1150 mm. Hands and feet : Short. Dark in colour. Pit glands in fore feet only. Tail : Very short,dorsally thickly haired.Dark brown in colour. Body : Rather heavily built. Hairs coarse and brittle, in winter with dense soft woolly underfur. A ridge of coarse dark hair along the back. Colour in summer brown, scarcely paler below; old males being chocolate, with patches of dirty white below. In winter, colour yellowish white, tinged with brown or greyish. Range : India - Western Himalayas in Jammu and Kashmir to Kumaon in Uttar Pradesh between 3650 to 6700 m. altitudes. Elsewhere - Afghanistan, China, Pakistan, Former U.S.S.R. Threats : Hunting for meat and underfur; Disease; Disturbance in the habitat. Similar Species : Capra falconeri of India, Afghanistan, Pakistan, former U.S.S.R. Indian subspecies : C.i.sibirica

Naemorhedus sumatraensis( Bechstein )-Serow

Scientific name : Naemorhedus sumatraensis ( Bechstein ) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable. IUCN - Vulnerable ( Nationally ), Data deficient ( Globally). U.S.ESA - Endangered. Common Names : English - Serow Kashmiri - Ramu, Salabhir N.W. Himalayas - Sarao Sikkimese - Gya Group : Goat-antelope. Measurements : Head and Body -1400 to 1500 mm. Tail -80 to 120 mm. Height at shoulder -850 to 900 mm. Head : Large head. Donkey like ears, pointed. Naked rhinarium and straight facial profile. Large preorbital gland. Colour rufous brown to black. Inside of ears whitish. Horns : Present in both the sexes. Conical and closely wrinkled in basal three-fourths. Measures 150 to 250 mm. Hands and feet : Long and sturdy.Thigh and forearm rufous, lower part dirty white. Callosities on knees. Hooves short , inter digital gland on all feet. Tail : Short and bushy. Body : Hairs coarse, rather thin, moderate in length.Dorsum varies from rufous brown to black, sometimes with white nape. A black dorsal stripe in brown specimens. Underparts whitish. Range : India - The Himalayas from jammu and Kashmir to Arunachal Pradesh. Elsewhere - China, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Thailand. Habitat : Rugged mountains or ridges, covered with thick brush or forest, at elevations up to 2,700 meters. Threats : Hunting for meat and supposed medicinal value; Destruction of habitat; Military activities; Human settlements. Similar Species : None Indian subspecies : 1) N. s. thar 2) N. s. rodoni 3) N. s. jamrachi 4) N. s. humei

Hemitragus hylocrius ( Ogilby )-Nilgiri Tahr

Scientific name : Hemitragus hylocrius ( Ogilby ) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. Red Data Book (India) - . Red Data Book (International) - Endangered. IUCN - Endangered. Common Names : English - Nilgiri Tahr Kanarese - Kard-ardu Malayalum - Mulla-atu Tamil - Warri-adu, Wari-atu Group : Tahr. Measurements : Head and Body -About 1300 mm. Tail -About 70 mm. Height at shoulder-Buck 990 to1060 mm,doe smaller. Head - Domestic goat like. Muffle small. Nobeard.No suborbital gland. Face slightly concave at the end of the frontals, nasals a little convex in front. Dark yellowish brown above with a pale streak running from each ear down the side of muzzle. A light coloured ring surrounds each ear. Horns - Present in both the sexes, almost touching at the base and subparallel for some distance, then curved back and diverging slowly; transeversely wrinkled; flat inside, convex outside, rounded behind; measuring about 450 mm. in buck and 360 mm. in doe. Hands and feet - Stout and relatively short. Knees callous. Interdigital gland present. Dark brown in front, paler behind with white grizzling. Tail - Very short, depressed and nude below. Body - Hairs short, thick and coarse. A short stiff mane in males on the ridge of the neck and withers. Colour dark yellowish brown, with a greyish tinge in females and youngs;a dark band down the back; lower parts paler.Old males dark sepia-brown. A large area in the lumber region grizzled white and in old males almost white. Range : India - Endemic to India.At present restricted to Tamil Nadu and Kerala from the Niligiri Hills in the north to Ashambu Hills in the south. In between, discontinously found above 1300 m. in the Anamalai Hills, Palni Hills and Eraviculum areas of the High Range: Up to1954, a small herd was recorded from Agambe Ghat of Karnataka. Habitat : Open terrain, cliffs and grass covered hills which rise above the forest level at an altitude from 1,200 to 2,600 m. Threats : Hunting for meat and sport; Loss of habitat; grazing; Predation by panthers and tigers; Disease. Similar Species :Hemitragns jemlahicus occuring in the Himalayas in India, Bhutan and Tibet.

Hemitragus jemlahicus ( Smith )-Himalayan Tahr

Scientific name : Hemitragus jemlahicus ( Smith ) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. Red Data Book (India) - Endangered. Red Data Book (International) - Vulnerable . IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened(Nationally ), Data deficient ( Globally). Common Names : English - Himalayan Tahr Himachali - Kart Kashmiri - Jagla Group : Tahr Measurements : Head and body length -About 1422 mm. Tail - About 82 mm. Height at shoulder - 910 to 1050 mm. Head : Head long, face narrow and straight; nasal narrow. Face dark to black. Horns : Present in both the sexes. Almost touching at the base, slightly wrinkled transversely, greatly compressed, flattened on each side, more rounded but still slightly flattened towards the base behind, strongly compressed and furnished with a distinct nodose keel in front; diverging from the base,curved sharply backwards,converging again a little at the tips. Measures 300 to 380 mm. Hands and feet : Short and stout; knees callous. Front of limbs dark to black; back pale or rusty red in males. No inter digital gland. Tail : Very short, depressed , nude below. Body : Hairs long , on the neck, shoulder and brest so long in old males as to form a shaggy mane reaching below the knees.Colour rich dark brown to reddish brown, but old males are darker.A dark band,indistinct in old males, down the back.Some individuals are very pale. Breast callous. Range : India - Western and central Himalayas from Pir Panjal (Jammu and Kashmir ) to Sikkim. Elsewhere - Bhutan,Nepal and probably Pakistan. Introduced in New Zealand. Habitat : Thick forests,interspersed with stiff rocky cliffs in most inaccessible ground, but occasionally comes down to the open areas. Threats : Hunting; Habitat destruction. Similar species : Hemitragus hylocrius occuring in Tamil Nadu and Kerala, India. Indian subspecies : 1) H. j. jemlahicus 2) H. j. schaeferi

Ovis ammon hodgsonii ( Blyth )-Great Tibetan Sheep, Nayan

Scientific name : Ovis ammon hodgsonii ( Blyth ) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book (India) - Insufficiently known. IUCN - Endangered . U.S.ESA. - Endangered. Common Names : English - Great Tibetan Sheep, Nayan. Ladakhi - Nyan, Nyanma Group : Sheep Measurements : Head and body - 1830 to 1980 mm. Tail - about 25 mm. Height at shoulder- 1070 to 1220 mm. Head : Broadest at the orbits and narrowing suddenly in front. Narrow nose, short and pointed ears No beard, no muffle. Suborbital gland and lachrymal fossa present. Colour as body. Horns : Present in both the sexes. In males,horns very massive; coarsely wrinkled transversely, subtriangular in section. The curve is spiral. Two horns diverging very slowly, tips turned very little outwards and the whole curve of each horn not equal to a complete circle. In females,horns are short,erect,curve backwards and outwards, strap-like towards the end. Male horn measures 914 to 1340 mm. Hands and feet : Moderately long and stout with interdigital gland. Legs white, but with a dark stripe down the front side. Tail : Minute, with a dark mark above the tail. Body : Hair short, coarse and very close. Greyish brown above and paler and whitish below. Caudal disk surrounding the tail white.In adult males, the hair on the sides and lower surface of the neck lengthened into a white ruff and there is a dark crest of hairs along the back of the neck to the withers. Range : India - Northern Ladakh ( Jammu and Kashmir ), Spiti ( Himachal Pradesh ), Kumaon ( Uttar Pradesh ) and Sikkim. Elsewhere - Bhutan, China and Nepal. Habitat : Bare undulating plateaus, keeping to open valleys and low stony hills. Threats : Hunting for meat and trophies; Competition with domestic sheep for forage; Disease; Military activities. Similar species : Ovis vignei of southern Soviet Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India.

Ovis vignei ( Blyth )-Urial, Shapu

Scientific name : Ovis vignei ( Blyth ) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Endangered. IUCN - Endangered as O.v.vignei . U.S.ESA. - Endangered as O.v.vignei. Common Names : English - Urial, Shapu Ladakhi - Sha, Shapo, Shamo Punjabi - Urial Group : Sheep Measurements : Head and body - About 1230 mm. Tail - About 100 mm. Height at shoulder-About 810 mm. Head : Broadest at the orbits, which are prominent and narrowing suddenly in front of them; frontal and occipital planes including parietal meeting at about a right angle. Suborbital gland present. No muffle.Colour rufous grey or fawn,but muzzle in old animals white. No beard. Horns : Present in both the sexes. In males, horns massive, cylindrical, widely divergent, strongly wrinkled,set close together and curve round in circular sweep; in females, horns short and straight. Average male horn 500 to 750 mm. Hands and feet : Moderate in length and strong.Interdigital gland present. White or whitish in colour, but sometimes a blackish lateral line and marking outside the limbs. Tail : Very short, without any tuft. White in colour. Body : Fur coarse, close and short. Adult rum with a gular ruff of long hairs commencing behind the chin in two lobes, which immediately unite and extend down the middle of the throat to the chest. In summer, dorsum rufous grey or fawn, in winter light greyish brown; buttock and lower part whitish. Ruff sometimes black throughout. Range : India - Gilgit and Ladakh region in Jammu and Kashmir. Elsewhere - Afghanistan, China, Iran, Pakistan, Uzbekistan. Habitat : Varied habitats, from grassy hill slopes, rocky scrub covered hills, barren stony ranges between 800 to 2750 m. altitude. Threats : Hunting for meat; Competition with domestic grazing stock; Destruction of habitat. Similar species : Ovis ammon occuring in India, China, Mongolia, southern Siberia, eastern Soviet Central Asia.

Pseudois nayaur ( Hodgson )-Blue sheep, Bharal

Scientific name : Pseudois nayaur ( Hodgson ) Order : Artiodactyla Family : Bovidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. Red Data Book ( India ) - Vulnerable. Red Data Book ( International ) - Lower Risk Near Threatened. IUCN - Lower Risk Least Concern. Common Names : English - Blue Sheep, Bharal Hindi - Bharal Nepali - Nervati Group : Sheep Measurements : Head and body - 1150 to 1650 mm. Tail - 100 to 200 mm. Height at shoulder-750 to 910 mm. Head : Broadest at the orbits, narrow in front. No suborbital gland. Ear short.Brownish grey in colour but face of adult males blackish. Horns : Present in both the sexes; smooth, cylindrical and backwardly curved,reaching a length up to 820 mm. Hands and feet : Short. Interdigital gland present. Brownish grey in colour, but back of limbs white.In adult male,a black stripe down the front of all limbs, but broken by white at the knees in forelimbs. Tail : Moderately long, proximally brownish grey, terminal two thirds black. Body : Hair of uniform length without any trace of mane or ruff. Upper parts brownish grey with a tinge of slaty blue, underparts white. In adult male, a black stripe along the side of the chest. Range : India - Throughout the Himalayas in alpine zone. Elsewhere : Bhutan, China, Mongolia, Nepal. Habitat : Open slopes and plateaus, with abundant grass,at elevations of 2,500 to 5,500m. Threats : Hunting for meat, skin and horn; Military activities. Similar species : Pseudois schaeferi of Tibet. Indian subspecies : P. n. nayaur

Order : Pholidota
Family : Manidae

Manis crassicaudata ( Gray )-Indian Pangolin

Scientific name : Manis crassicaudata ( Gray ) Order : Pholidota Family : Manidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix II . Red Data Book (India) - Vulnerable . Red Data Book (International) - Lower Risk Near Threatened . IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened (Nationally), Data Deficient (Globally) . Common Names : English - Indian Pangolin Hindi - Suraj Mukhi, Silu, Sal Bengali - Ban rui Malayalam - Alanga Marathi - Thirya, Mah, Manjar, Kassoli Tamil - Alanga Group : Pangolin Measurements : Head and body - 600 to 750 mm. Tail - 380 to 450 mm. Head : Small, long and pointed in front; mouth and eyes small; ear-conch small and rudimentary.Upper part covered with yellowish brown scale, sides scaleless. Hands and feet : Short but powerful. All the toes bear slightly curved claws.Claws of forefeet very long, the middle fore claw double the length of the middle hind claw. Covered with large scales. Tail : Long, covered with scales. 14 to 15 scales along the edge of the tail. Occasionally with naked pad on underside of tip. Body : Elongated and tapering. Upper surface of body covered with light brownish yellow or sandy grey scales; centres of scales darker than edges; 11 to 13 scales around mid body; posterior margins of mid-dorsal scales mostly convex. Generally few coarse hairs between the scales. Lower surface scale less,scantily covered with hairs.Naked skin flesh coloured. Range : India - Throughout the plains and lower slopes of hills from south of the Himalayas to Kannya Kumari. Elsewhere : Pakistan, Sri Lanka, possibly China and Bangladesh. Habitat : Forests, open or grassland and near villages. Threats : Hunting for medicine;Trade for parts;Human interference. Similar species : Manis pentadactyla of North-east India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Myanmar, China, Vietnam.

Manis pentadactyla ( Linnaeus )-Chinese Pangolin

Scientific name : Manis pantadactyla ( Linnaeus ) Order : Pholidota Family : Manidae Status : IWPA - Schedule I. CITES - Appendix II . Red Data Book (India) - Insufficiently known. Red Data Book (International) - Lower Risk Near Threatened . IUCN - Lower Risk Near Threatened. Common Names : English - Chinese Pangolin Adi - Hochik Khasi - Salek Newari - Kwenegnya Group : Pangolin Measurements : Head and body -488 to 600 mm. Tail - 250 to 400 mm. Head : Small, long and pointed. Mouth and eyes small. Ear conch though small but better developed than Indian Pangolin. Upper part covered with large scales, lower surface scale less. Hands and feet : Short but powerful. Toes bear slightly curved, long claws; middle fore claw twice as long as middle hind claw. Outer surface and lower parts covered with scales, but inner surface scale less. Tail : Relatively slender, with naked pad on underside of tip. Dorsum and sides covered with brown scales; membraneous terminal scale on the lower side. Body : Elongated tapering body, dorsally covered with dark brown to blackish brown scales which are smaller than Indian Pangolin. Cross row of 15 to 18 scales around mid-body; posterior margin of mid-dorsal scales mostly truncate. Lower surface scale less, scantly covered with stiff hairs; unscaled skin greyish white to brownish white. Range : India - North-eastern Indian States including northern part of West Bengal. Elsewhere - Bangladesh, China, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Habitat : Tropical forests in hilly countries. Threats : Hunting for medicine; Trade for parts; Human interference; Loss of habitat. Similar species : Manis crassicaudata of India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and possibly China and Bangladesh. Indian subspecies : M. p. aurita

Order : Rodentia
Family : Sciuridae

Petinomys fuscocapillus( Jerdon )-Small Travancore Flying Squirrel

Scientific name : Petinomys fuscocapillus ( Jerdon )
Order : Rodentia
Family : Sciuridae

Status :
IWPA - Schedule I. Red Data Book (India) - Endangered. IUCN - Vulnerable.

Common Names : English - Small Travancore, Flying Squirrel
                               Tamil - Parravanil

Group : Flying Squirrel

Measurements : Head and body - 296 to 322 mm.
                         Tail - 244 to 310 mm.

Head : Head rufous brown, mixed with grey and blackish grizzling; sides of the face whitish.Ear short and almost naked; a pencil of soft hairs, greatly exceeding the ear length, at the base of ear-conch.

Hands and feet : Outerside pale rufous brown, lower part rufescent white. Metatarsal pad very elongate, no supplementary outer pad.

Tail : Flat and bushy. Rufous brown, but the hairs sometimes with black terminations; extreme tip of tail sometimes white.

Body : Fur thick, long and soft. Sides of the body extended into flat skiny parachutes for gliding. Colour above reddish brown, with dark underfur specially on the parachutes;
lower parts rufescent white.

Range : India - Kerala
Elsewhere - Sri Lanka

Habitat : Tropical forests up to 1210 m.elevation.

Threats : Destruction of habitat.

Similar species : None

Indian subspecies : P. f. fuscocapillus